IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v377y2025ipcs030626192401972x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal cost predictive BMS considering greywater recycling, responsive HVAC, and energy storage

Author

Listed:
  • El Shamy, Ahmed R.
  • Al-Sumaiti, Ameena S.

Abstract

A crucial aspect of a sustainable city is ensuring that energy and water supplies can adequately meet urban demand. With the scarcity of natural resources and growing electricity and water demand, it becomes increasingly important for consumers to manage their resource usage more efficiently. This paper proposes a novel perspective of demand-side management coordination strategy for a building's water-energy nexus to enhance the resilience and efficiency of the overall electricity-water-heating system. The model is formulated to optimally coordinates the onsite greywater recycling system, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) loads, and distributed energy generation systems with a bidirectional grid connection in a residential building. All subsystems are controlled by a model predictive controller (MPC) receiving real-time time of use (ToU) pricing from electricity and water utilities. The presented mixed integer linear programming model is verified to meet the customers' demands while reducing the operational costs. Results are compared with benchmark systems lacking the water recycling or energy storage system showing 8.3 % operational cost reduction while reducing potable water consumption by 21.5 %. The effect of increased MPC control horizon is also studied showing reduction in cost with increased horizon. Detailed analysis of the proposed framework computational burden and effect of prediction errors is performed to prove the MPC adaptability and robustness. Testing under increased room size and different user preferences further validate the efficacy of the proposed scheme in reducing the operational costs.

Suggested Citation

  • El Shamy, Ahmed R. & Al-Sumaiti, Ameena S., 2025. "Optimal cost predictive BMS considering greywater recycling, responsive HVAC, and energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pc:s030626192401972x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124589
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192401972X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124589?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & de Simón-Martín, Miguel & Borge-Diez, David & Blanes-Peiró, Jorge Juan & Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, 2019. "Microgrids with energy storage systems as a means to increase power resilience: An application to office buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1005-1015.
    2. Alzahrani, Ahmad & Sajjad, Khizar & Hafeez, Ghulam & Murawwat, Sadia & Khan, Sheraz & Khan, Farrukh Aslam, 2023. "Real-time energy optimization and scheduling of buildings integrated with renewable microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    3. Wanjiru, Evan M. & Zhang, Lijun & Xia, Xiaohua, 2016. "Model predictive control strategy of energy-water management in urban households," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 821-831.
    4. Chen, Chen & Zhang, Xiaodong & Zhang, Huayong & Cai, Yanpeng & Wang, Shuguang, 2022. "Managing water-energy-carbon nexus in integrated regional water network planning through graph theory-based bi-level programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    5. Elsir, Mohamed & Al-Sumaiti, Ameena Saad & El Moursi, Mohamed Shawky & Al-Awami, Ali Taleb, 2023. "Coordinating the day-ahead operation scheduling for demand response and water desalination plants in smart grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    6. Ferahtia, Seydali & Rezk, Hegazy & Olabi, A.G. & Alhumade, Hesham & Bamufleh, Hisham S. & Doranehgard, Mohammad Hossein & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali, 2022. "Optimal techno-economic multi-level energy management of renewable-based DC microgrid for commercial buildings applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    7. Gianluca Serale & Massimo Fiorentini & Alfonso Capozzoli & Daniele Bernardini & Alberto Bemporad, 2018. "Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-35, March.
    8. Bastida, Leire & Cohen, Jed J. & Kollmann, Andrea & Moya, Ana & Reichl, Johannes, 2019. "Exploring the role of ICT on household behavioural energy efficiency to mitigate global warming," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 455-462.
    9. Yamashita, Daniela Yassuda & Vechiu, Ionel & Gaubert, Jean-Paul, 2020. "A review of hierarchical control for building microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    10. Blum, David & Wang, Zhe & Weyandt, Chris & Kim, Donghun & Wetter, Michael & Hong, Tianzhen & Piette, Mary Ann, 2022. "Field demonstration and implementation analysis of model predictive control in an office HVAC system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    11. Yin, Linfei & Cao, Xinghui & Liu, Dongduan, 2023. "Weighted fully-connected regression networks for one-day-ahead hourly photovoltaic power forecasting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    12. Liu, Yang & Yu, Nanpeng & Wang, Wei & Guan, Xiaohong & Xu, Zhanbo & Dong, Bing & Liu, Ting, 2018. "Coordinating the operations of smart buildings in smart grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2510-2525.
    13. Wang, Xue-Chao & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Wang, Yutao & Dong, Xiaobin & Wei, Hejie & Xu, Zihan & Varbanov, Petar Sabev, 2020. "Water-Energy-Carbon Emissions nexus analysis of China: An environmental input-output model-based approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    14. Hadengue, Bruno & Morgenroth, Eberhard & Larsen, Tove A. & Baldini, Luca, 2022. "Performance and dynamics of active greywater heat recovery in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    15. Zhang, Heng & Zhang, Shenxi & Hu, Xiao & Cheng, Haozhong & Gu, Qingfa & Du, Mengke, 2022. "Parametric optimization-based peer-to-peer energy trading among commercial buildings considering multiple energy conversion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    16. Bintoudi, Angelina D. & Demoulias, Charis, 2023. "Optimal isolated microgrid topology design for resilient applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    17. Swaminathan, Siddharth & Pavlak, Gregory S. & Freihaut, James, 2020. "Sizing and dispatch of an islanded microgrid with energy flexible buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    18. Li, Longxi & Cao, Xilin & Wang, Peng, 2021. "Optimal coordination strategy for multiple distributed energy systems considering supply, demand, and price uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    19. Elsir, Mohamed & Al-Sumaiti, Ameena Saad & El Moursi, Mohamed Shawky, 2024. "Towards energy transition: A novel day-ahead operation scheduling strategy for demand response and hybrid energy storage systems in smart grid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    20. Oviroh, Peter Ozaveshe & Austin-Breneman, Jesse & Chien, Cheng-Chun & Chakravarthula, Praneet Nallan & Harikumar, Vaishnavi & Shiva, Pranjal & Kimbowa, Alvin Bagetuuma & Luntz, Jonathan & Miyingo, Emm, 2023. "Micro Water-Energy-Food (MicroWEF) Nexus: A system design optimization framework for Integrated Natural Resource Conservation and Development (INRCD) projects at community scale," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    21. Ferahtia, Seydali & Rezk, Hegazy & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Olabi, A.G., 2022. "Optimal techno-economic energy management strategy for building’s microgrids based bald eagle search optimization algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    22. Yu, Hang & Niu, Songyan & Zhang, Yumeng & Jian, Linni, 2020. "An integrated and reconfigurable hybrid AC/DC microgrid architecture with autonomous power flow control for nearly/net zero energy buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    23. Zhang, Jinbo & Liu, Lirong & Xie, Yulei & Han, Dengcheng & Zhang, Yang & Li, Zheng & Guo, Huaicheng, 2023. "Revealing the impact of an energy–water–carbon nexus–based joint tax management policy on the environ-economic system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    24. Zia, Muhammad Fahad & Elbouchikhi, Elhoussin & Benbouzid, Mohamed, 2018. "Microgrids energy management systems: A critical review on methods, solutions, and prospects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 1033-1055.
    25. Wang, Shuhang & Wang, Xu & Fu, Zhenghui & Liu, Feng & Xu, Ye & Li, Wei, 2022. "A novel energy-water nexus based CHP operation optimization model under water shortage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    26. Deng, Zhipeng & Wang, Xuezheng & Dong, Bing, 2023. "Quantum computing for future real-time building HVAC controls," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Pavel Ilyushin & Vladislav Volnyi & Konstantin Suslov & Sergey Filippov, 2023. "State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Power Flow Control Methods for Low-Voltage AC and AC-DC Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-35, March.
    2. Antoine Boche & Clément Foucher & Luiz Fernando Lavado Villa, 2022. "Understanding Microgrid Sustainability: A Systemic and Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-29, April.
    3. Younes Zahraoui & Ibrahim Alhamrouni & Saad Mekhilef & M. Reyasudin Basir Khan & Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian & Alex Stojcevski & Ben Horan, 2021. "Energy Management System in Microgrids: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-33, September.
    4. Nweye, Kingsley & Sankaranarayanan, Siva & Nagy, Zoltan, 2023. "MERLIN: Multi-agent offline and transfer learning for occupant-centric operation of grid-interactive communities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    5. Nguyen, Hai-Tra & Ba-Alawi, Abdulrahman H. & Yoo, ChangKyoo, 2024. "Flexible supply-demand side management towards a sustainable decentralized distribution network: A net-negative Water-energy-emissions Nexus assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).
    6. Tostado-Véliz, Marcos & Kamel, Salah & Aymen, Flah & Rezaee Jordehi, Ahmad & Jurado, Francisco, 2022. "A Stochastic-IGDT model for energy management in isolated microgrids considering failures and demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    7. Bazdar, Elaheh & Nasiri, Fuzhan & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2024. "Resilience-centered optimal sizing and scheduling of a building-integrated PV-based energy system with hybrid adiabatic-compressed air energy storage and battery systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    8. Ferahtia, Seydali & Houari, Azeddine & Cioara, Tudor & Bouznit, Mohammed & Rezk, Hegazy & Djerioui, Ali, 2024. "Recent advances on energy management and control of direct current microgrid for smart cities and industry: A Survey," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 368(C).
    9. Aslam, Sheraz & Herodotou, Herodotos & Mohsin, Syed Muhammad & Javaid, Nadeem & Ashraf, Nouman & Aslam, Shahzad, 2021. "A survey on deep learning methods for power load and renewable energy forecasting in smart microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    10. Sandelic, Monika & Peyghami, Saeed & Sangwongwanich, Ariya & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2022. "Reliability aspects in microgrid design and planning: Status and power electronics-induced challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    11. Ferahtia, Seydali & Rezk, Hegazy & Olabi, A.G. & Alhumade, Hesham & Bamufleh, Hisham S. & Doranehgard, Mohammad Hossein & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali, 2022. "Optimal techno-economic multi-level energy management of renewable-based DC microgrid for commercial buildings applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    12. Yamashita, Daniela Yassuda & Vechiu, Ionel & Gaubert, Jean-Paul, 2020. "A review of hierarchical control for building microgrids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    13. Yassuda Yamashita, Daniela & Vechiu, Ionel & Gaubert, Jean-Paul, 2021. "Two-level hierarchical model predictive control with an optimised cost function for energy management in building microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    14. Nawaz, Arshad & Zhou, Min & Wu, Jing & Long, Chengnian, 2022. "A comprehensive review on energy management, demand response, and coordination schemes utilization in multi-microgrids network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    15. Zhan, Sicheng & Chong, Adrian, 2021. "Data requirements and performance evaluation of model predictive control in buildings: A modeling perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    16. Hannan, M.A. & Faisal, M. & Jern Ker, Pin & Begum, R.A. & Dong, Z.Y. & Zhang, C., 2020. "Review of optimal methods and algorithms for sizing energy storage systems to achieve decarbonization in microgrid applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    17. Ma, Jinjin & Yang, Lin & Wang, Donghan & Li, Yiming & Xie, Zuomiao & Lv, Haodong & Woo, Donghyup, 2024. "Digitalization in response to carbon neutrality: Mechanisms, effects and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    18. Md Shafiullah & Akib Mostabe Refat & Md Ershadul Haque & Dewan Mabrur Hasan Chowdhury & Md Sanower Hossain & Abdullah G. Alharbi & Md Shafiul Alam & Amjad Ali & Shorab Hossain, 2022. "Review of Recent Developments in Microgrid Energy Management Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-30, November.
    19. Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Damien Guilbert, 2020. "Efficient Operation of the Hybrid Power System Using an Optimal Fueling Strategy and Control of the Fuel Cell Power Based on the Required Power Tracking Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-26, November.
    20. Sharma, Santosh & Li, Qifeng, 2024. "Decentralized optimization of energy-water nexus based on a mixed-integer boundary compatible algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 359(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pc:s030626192401972x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.