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Investigation of injector coking effects on spray characteristic and engine performance in gasoline direct injection engines

Author

Listed:
  • Badawy, Tawfik
  • Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari
  • Hutchins, Peter
  • Xu, Hongming
  • Krueger Venus, Jens
  • Cracknell, Roger

Abstract

Spray and droplet characteristics of a coked injector were compared to those of a clean injector at the atmospheric conditions and investigated using high-speed imaging and a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray 3D microtomography images were analysed to understand the physical characteristics of injector nozzle deposits. Furthermore, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was utilized to obtain the elemental composition of the deposit. A single cylinder optical gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine was used to compare diffusion flames for each injector. In this study, the location and topography of the deposits demonstrated that they extensively formed in the external holes of the injector, and reduced in size and quantity through the internal holes. Elemental analysis of the deposits exhibited that carbon (C) and oxygen (O) were the predominant elemental components through both the internal and external holes of the injector. The coked injector exhibited higher penetration lengths, smaller plume angles, larger spray cone angles, higher mean droplet velocity and larger droplet size as compared to the clean injector. Images of the optical engine indicated strong diffusion flames around the coked injector tip. In-cylinder pressure measurements indicated that the coked injector produced lower in-cylinder pressures, implying lower combustion stability compared with the clean injector. This work was carried out to obtain a comprehensive study of injector coking effects on spray behaviour and engine performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Hutchins, Peter & Xu, Hongming & Krueger Venus, Jens & Cracknell, Roger, 2018. "Investigation of injector coking effects on spray characteristic and engine performance in gasoline direct injection engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 375-394.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:220:y:2018:i:c:p:375-394
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.133
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Liaquat, A.M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Fazal, M.A. & Khan, Abdul Faheem & Fayaz, H. & Varman, M., 2013. "Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 882-893.
    2. Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Hutchins, Peter & Badawy, Tawfik & Xu, Hongming & Zhang, Xinyu & Rack, Alexander & Tafforeau, Paul, 2017. "Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1215-1224.
    3. Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Srivastava, Dhananjay & Ma, Xiao & Dearn, Karl & Cracknell, Roger & Krueger-Venus, Jens, 2017. "Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 390-402.
    4. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
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    Cited by:

    1. Anufriev, I.S., 2021. "Review of water/steam addition in liquid-fuel combustion systems for NOx reduction: Waste-to-energy trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    2. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    3. Jiang, Changzhao & Parker, Matthew C. & Butcher, Daniel & Spencer, Adrian & Garner, Colin P. & Helie, Jerome, 2019. "Comparison of flash boiling resistance of two injector designs and the consequences on downsized gasoline engine emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).

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