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Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Bo
  • Jiang, Yizhou
  • Hutchins, Peter
  • Badawy, Tawfik
  • Xu, Hongming
  • Zhang, Xinyu
  • Rack, Alexander
  • Tafforeau, Paul

Abstract

Injector deposit is a common phenomenon for gasoline direct ignition (GDI) engines that greatly affects the spray behavior and consequently the combustion performance and emissions. In this study, the effect of deposit on both the in-nozzle flow dynamics and downstream spray behaviors was numerically investigated. High-resolution X-ray microtomographic scans were performed first to obtain nozzle and deposit morphologies and topology. In-nozzle simulation was then carried out in the Euler-Euler framework with cavitation taken into account by a homogeneous relaxation model (HRM). Finally, the effect of deposit on spray behaviors was evaluated in the Euler-Lagrangian framework, coupled with the in-nozzle simulation results. Results of the nozzle flow simulations highlight that the rough surface of the deposits leads to additional cavitation inception and restricts the flow area, causing mass flow rate losses. Deposits inside the counterbore act as an extension to the inner orifice and constrain the air recirculation. Turbulent levels at the exit of the counterbore are lower for the coked injector due to the reduced air/fuel interaction. Spray simulations have shown that deposits would lead to longer spray penetration, a smaller spray cone angle and larger droplets diameters. Simulation results agree reasonably well with the available experimental data.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Hutchins, Peter & Badawy, Tawfik & Xu, Hongming & Zhang, Xinyu & Rack, Alexander & Tafforeau, Paul, 2017. "Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1215-1224.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:204:y:2017:i:c:p:1215-1224
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.094
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
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    Cited by:

    1. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Hutchins, Peter & Xu, Hongming & Krueger Venus, Jens & Cracknell, Roger, 2018. "Investigation of injector coking effects on spray characteristic and engine performance in gasoline direct injection engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 375-394.
    2. Slavchov, Radomir I. & Mosbach, Sebastian & Kraft, Markus & Pearson, Richard & Filip, Sorin V., 2018. "An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1423-1438.
    3. Zhang, Qing & Gao, Ya & Chu, Miaoqi & Chen, Pice & Zhang, Qingteng & Wang, Jin, 2023. "Enhanced energy conversion efficiency promoted by cavitation in gasoline direct injection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    4. Xu, Leilei & Bai, Xue-Song & Jia, Ming & Qian, Yong & Qiao, Xinqi & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Experimental and modeling study of liquid fuel injection and combustion in diesel engines with a common rail injection system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 287-304.
    5. Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Srivastava, Dhananjay & Ma, Xiao & Dearn, Karl & Cracknell, Roger & Krueger-Venus, Jens, 2017. "Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 390-402.
    6. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    7. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Xu, Hongming & Ghafourian, Akbar, 2018. "Assessment of gasoline direct injector fouling effects on fuel injection, engine performance and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 351-374.

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    Keywords

    Deposit; Nozzle; Cavitation; CFD; GDI; X-ray;
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