Sustainable water management in wheat farming: Insights from diverse water environments

Agricultural water conservation is crucial for sustainable development, particularly in water-scarce regions. This study examines the factors that influence water conservation behaviors among wheat farmers, comparing those in water-deficient areas to those in water-endowed regions. Utilizing a non-experimental causal-comparative approach, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 132 randomly selected farmers. The validated instrument demonstrated reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.87. Results indicated significant differences in economic, socio-cultural, attitudinal, demographic, and farm-related factors between the two groups. Three distinct profiles emerged: “Conservation Novices,” “Balanced Practitioners,” and “Conservation Champions,” each displaying varying levels of engagement and attitudes toward water conservation. The significant influence of utilitarian beliefs and environmental awareness underscores the necessity for tailored interventions. For water-deficient farmers, targeted education, financial incentives, and peer-to-peer networks could significantly enhance conservation efforts. Conversely, water-endowed farmers can benefit from experience-based workshops and personalized advisory services. Insights from this study provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to improve water management strategies in similarly water-scarce agricultural regions worldwide, emphasizing the need for adaptive approaches that consider the diverse characteristics of farming communities.