IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat/v256y2021ics0378377421004078.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of irrigation amount and fertilization rate of drip-fertigated potato based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation methods

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Haidong
  • Cheng, Minghui
  • Zhang, Shaohui
  • Fan, Junliang
  • Feng, Hao
  • Zhang, Fucang
  • Wang, Xiukang
  • Sun, Lijun
  • Xiang, Youzhen

Abstract

As a cash crop, potato plays an important role in the economic development and ensuring food security. Reasonable management of irrigation and fertilization can promote the uptake of water and nutrients by potato, thereby improving the tuber yield and quality, and reducing fertilizer residues in the soil. A four-year field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts and fertilization rates on potato yield, economic benefit, tuber quality, water productivity (WP) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE), and soil nutrient residues during 2016–2019. Multi-objective optimization of irrigation amount and fertilization rate was conducted based on data in 2018 and 2019 using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation methods. In 2016 and 2017, three irrigation levels (W1, 60% ETC; W2, 80% ETC and W3, 100% ETC) and three fertilization (N-P-K) rates (F1, 100–17.5–124.5 kg/ha; F2, 150–26.2–186.7 kg/ha and F3, 200–34.9–248.9 kg/ha) were applied. The highest tuber yield was obtained under F3 in 2016 and 2017. Two fertilization rates (F0, 0 kg/ha and F4, 250–43.7–311.2 kg/ha) were further considered in 2018 and 2019. Results showed that the highest tuber yield, net income, WP, dry matter and the residues accumulation of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were obtained under F4 in 2018 and 2019. However, the differences in tuber yield, net income and WP between F3 and F4 were not significant under W3. Deficit irrigation reduced tuber yield, ET, net income, shoot dry matter, tuber dry matter, LAI, relative chlorophyll content, starch and vitamin C content and FUE, and increased the residues of nutrient in the soil and reducing sugar content. Besides, W1 showed the highest irrigation water productivity, but the starch and vitamin C content of W3F2 were largest. The highest FUE was obtained under W3F3 (56.33% in 2018 and 53.33% in 2019). Increasing fertilization rate decreased the fertilizer partial factor productivity and sink/source. Based on the economic benefit, tuber quality, WP and FUE and soil environmental benefit, the multi-objective optimization was evaluated by the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation methods. When the irrigation amount was 100% ETC (W3) and the fertilization rate (N-P-K) was 200–34.9–248.9 kg/ha (F3), the multi-objective optimization was obtained. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of water and fertilizer regimes of potato in northern China and other regions with similar environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Haidong & Cheng, Minghui & Zhang, Shaohui & Fan, Junliang & Feng, Hao & Zhang, Fucang & Wang, Xiukang & Sun, Lijun & Xiang, Youzhen, 2021. "Optimization of irrigation amount and fertilization rate of drip-fertigated potato based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation methods," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:256:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421004078
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107130
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377421004078
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107130?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Xiukang & Guo, Tao & Wang, Yi & Xing, Yingying & Wang, Yanfeng & He, Xiaolong, 2020. "Exploring the optimization of water and fertilizer management practices for potato production in the sandy loam soils of Northwest China based on PCA," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    2. Rasool, Ghulam & Guo, Xiangping & Wang, Zhenchang & Ali, Muhammad Usman & Chen, Sheng & Zhang, Shuxuan & Wu, Qijin & Ullah, Muhammad Saif, 2020. "Coupling fertigation and buried straw layer improves fertilizer use efficiency, fruit yield, and quality of greenhouse tomato," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    3. Heindl, Anna-Barbara & Liefner, Ingo, 2019. "The Analytic Hierarchy Process as a methodological contribution to improve regional innovation system research: Explored through comparative research in China," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    4. Camargo, D.C. & Montoya, F. & Córcoles, J.I. & Ortega, J.F., 2015. "Modeling the impacts of irrigation treatments on potato growth and development," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 119-128.
    5. Martínez-Romero, A. & Domínguez, A. & Landeras, G., 2019. "Regulated deficit irrigation strategies for different potato cultivars under continental Mediterranean-Atlantic conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 164-176.
    6. Ierna, Anita & Mauromicale, Giovanni, 2018. "Potato growth, yield and water productivity response to different irrigation and fertilization regimes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 201(C), pages 21-26.
    7. Elhani, Sliman & Haddadi, Maroua & Csákvári, Edina & Zantar, Said & Hamim, Ahlam & Villányi, Vanda & Douaik, Ahmed & Bánfalvi, Zsófia, 2019. "Effects of partial root-zone drying and deficit irrigation on yield, irrigation water-use efficiency and some potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) quality traits under glasshouse conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 1-1.
    8. Onder, Sermet & Caliskan, Mehmet Emin & Onder, Derya & Caliskan, Sevgi, 2005. "Different irrigation methods and water stress effects on potato yield and yield components," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 73(1), pages 73-86, April.
    9. Pandey, R. K. & Maranville, J. W. & Chetima, M. M., 2000. "Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment: II. Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 15-27, November.
    10. Darwish, T.M. & Atallah, T.W. & Hajhasan, S. & Haidar, A., 2006. "Nitrogen and water use efficiency of fertigated processing potato," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 85(1-2), pages 95-104, September.
    11. Woli, Prem & Hoogenboom, Gerrit & Alva, Ashok, 2016. "Simulation of potato yield, nitrate leaching, and profit margins as influenced by irrigation and nitrogen management in different soils and production regions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 120-130.
    12. Pandey, R. K. & Maranville, J. W. & Admou, A., 2000. "Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment: I. Grain yield and yield components," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 1-13, November.
    13. Kifle, Mulubrehan & Gebretsadikan, T.G., 2016. "Yield and water use efficiency of furrow irrigated potato under regulated deficit irrigation, Atsibi-Wemberta, North Ethiopia," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 133-139.
    14. Oweis, T.Y. & Farahani, H.J. & Hachum, A.Y., 2011. "Evapotranspiration and water use of full and deficit irrigated cotton in the Mediterranean environment in northern Syria," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(8), pages 1239-1248, May.
    15. Yang, Kaijing & Wang, Fengxin & Shock, Clinton C. & Kang, Shaozhong & Huo, Zailin & Song, Na & Ma, Dan, 2017. "Potato performance as influenced by the proportion of wetted soil volume and nitrogen under drip irrigation with plastic mulch," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 260-270.
    16. Fandika, Isaac R. & Kemp, Peter D. & Millner, James P. & Horne, David & Roskruge, Nick, 2016. "Irrigation and nitrogen effects on tuber yield and water use efficiency of heritage and modern potato cultivars," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 148-157.
    17. Zou, Haiyang & Fan, Junliang & Zhang, Fucang & Xiang, Youzhen & Wu, Lifeng & Yan, Shicheng, 2020. "Optimization of drip irrigation and fertilization regimes for high grain yield, crop water productivity and economic benefits of spring maize in Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    18. Badr, M.A. & El-Tohamy, W.A. & Zaghloul, A.M., 2012. "Yield and water use efficiency of potato grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 9-15.
    19. Guo, Tiankui & Tang, Songjun & Sun, Jiang & Gong, Facheng & Liu, Xiaoqiang & Qu, Zhanqing & Zhang, Wei, 2020. "A coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling and evaluation of geothermal extraction in the enhanced geothermal system based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Youliang & Feng, Shaoyuan & Wang, Fengxin & Feng, Ren & Nie, Wei, 2022. "Effects of drip discharge flux and soil wetted percentage on drip irrigated potato growth with film mulch," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    2. Yan Zhou & Xunpeng Qin & Chenglong Li & Jun Zhou, 2022. "An Intelligent Site Selection Model for Hydrogen Refueling Stations Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation and Artificial Neural Network—A Case Study of Shanghai," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Zhu, Keyu & Zhao, Yuhong & Ma, Yongbo & Zhang, Qi & Kang, Zhen & Hu, Xiaohui, 2022. "Drip irrigation strategy for tomatoes grown in greenhouse on the basis of fuzzy Borda and K-means analysis method," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    4. Wang, Zeyi & Zhang, Hengjia & Wang, Yingying & Wang, Yong & Lei, Lian & Liang, Chao & Wang, Yucai, 2023. "Deficit irrigation decision-making of indigowoad root based on a model coupling fuzzy theory and grey relational analysis," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    5. Wang, Haidong & Cheng, Minghui & Liao, Zhenqi & Guo, Jinjin & Zhang, Fucang & Fan, Junliang & Feng, Hao & Yang, Qiliang & Wu, Lifeng & Wang, Xiukang, 2023. "Performance evaluation of AquaCrop and DSSAT-SUBSTOR-Potato models in simulating potato growth, yield and water productivity under various drip fertigation regimes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    6. Zhang, Shaohui & Fan, Junliang & Zhang, Fucang & Wang, Haidong & Yang, Ling & Sun, Xin & Cheng, Minghui & Cheng, Houliang & Li, Zhijun, 2022. "Optimizing irrigation amount and potassium rate to simultaneously improve tuber yield, water productivity and plant potassium accumulation of drip-fertigated potato in northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    7. Zhang, Fan & Chen, Mengru & Fu, Jintao & Zhang, Xiangzhu & Li, Yuan & Shao, Yating & Xing, Yingying & Wang, Xiukang, 2023. "Coupling effects of irrigation amount and fertilization rate on yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of different potato varieties in Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    8. Liao, Zhenqi & Zeng, Hualiang & Fan, Junliang & Lai, Zhenlin & Zhang, Chen & Zhang, Fucang & Wang, Haidong & Cheng, Minghui & Guo, Jinjin & Li, Zhijun & Wu, Peng, 2022. "Effects of plant density, nitrogen rate and supplemental irrigation on photosynthesis, root growth, seed yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency of soybean under ridge-furrow plastic mulching," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    9. Xufeng Li & Juanjuan Ma & Lijian Zheng & Jinping Chen & Xihuan Sun & Xianghong Guo, 2022. "Optimization of the Regulated Deficit Irrigation Strategy for Greenhouse Tomato Based on the Fuzzy Borda Model," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-16, February.
    10. Cai, Zelin & Bai, Jiaming & Li, Rui & He, Daiwei & Du, Rongcheng & Li, Dayong & Hong, Tingting & Zhang, Zhi, 2023. "Water and nitrogen management scheme of melon based on yield−quality−efficiency matching perspective under CO2 enrichment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    11. Liyuan Bo & Xiaomin Mao & Yali Wang, 2022. "Assessing the Applicability of Biodegradable Film Mulching in Northwest China Based on Comprehensive Benefits Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-23, August.
    12. Wang, Haidong & Wang, Naijiang & Quan, Hao & Zhang, Fucang & Fan, Junliang & Feng, Hao & Cheng, Minghui & Liao, Zhenqi & Wang, Xiukang & Xiang, Youzhen, 2022. "Yield and water productivity of crops, vegetables and fruits under subsurface drip irrigation: A global meta-analysis," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    13. Xing, Yingying & Zhang, Teng & Jiang, Wenting & Li, Peng & Shi, Peng & Xu, Guoce & Cheng, Shengdong & Cheng, Yuting & Fan, Zhang & Wang, Xiukang, 2022. "Effects of irrigation and fertilization on different potato varieties growth, yield and resources use efficiency in the Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    14. Dai, Yulong & Liao, Zhenqi & Lai, Zhenlin & Bai, Zhentao & Zhang, Fucang & Li, Zhijun & Fan, Junliang, 2023. "Interactive effects of planting pattern, supplementary irrigation and planting density on grain yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit of winter wheat in a semi-humid but drought-pr," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    15. Jia Mao & Ziang Zhao & Xiangyu Li & Honggang Zhao & Ciyun Lin, 2023. "Comprehensive Benefit of Crop Straw Return Volume under Sustainable Development Management Concept in Heilongjiang, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-26, February.
    16. Yang, Zhi & Kong, Tingting & Xie, Jiarui & Yang, Taiguo & Jiang, Yu & Feng, Ziqi & Zhang, Zhi, 2023. "Appropriate water and fertilizer supply can increase yield by promoting growth while ensuring the soil ecological environment in melon production," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    17. Cheng, Minghui & Wang, Haidong & Zhang, Fucang & Wang, Xiukang & Liao, Zhenqi & Zhang, Shaohui & Yang, Qiliang & Fan, Junliang, 2023. "Effects of irrigation and fertilization regimes on tuber yield, water-nutrient uptake and productivity of potato under drip fertigation in sandy regions of northern China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    18. Han, Weihua & Sun, Jiaxing & Zhang, Kui & Mao, Lili & Gao, Lili & Hou, Xuemin & Cui, Ningbo & Kang, Wenhuai & Gong, Daozhi, 2023. "Optimizing drip fertigation management based on yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of wine grape in North China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    19. Yang, Xiaoqing & Du, Rongcheng & He, Daiwei & Li, Dayong & Chen, Jingru & Han, Xiaole & Wang, Ziqing & Zhang, Zhi, 2023. "Optimal combination of potassium coupled with water and nitrogen for strawberry quality based on consumer-orientation," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Koffi Djaman & Suat Irmak & Komlan Koudahe & Samuel Allen, 2021. "Irrigation Management in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Production: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-19, February.
    2. Cheng, Minghui & Wang, Haidong & Zhang, Fucang & Wang, Xiukang & Liao, Zhenqi & Zhang, Shaohui & Yang, Qiliang & Fan, Junliang, 2023. "Effects of irrigation and fertilization regimes on tuber yield, water-nutrient uptake and productivity of potato under drip fertigation in sandy regions of northern China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    3. Tang, Jianzhao & Xiao, Dengpan & Wang, Jing & Fang, Quanxiao & Zhang, Jun & Bai, Huizi, 2021. "Optimizing water and nitrogen managements for potato production in the agro-pastoral ecotone in North China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    4. Wang, Xiukang & Guo, Tao & Wang, Yi & Xing, Yingying & Wang, Yanfeng & He, Xiaolong, 2020. "Exploring the optimization of water and fertilizer management practices for potato production in the sandy loam soils of Northwest China based on PCA," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    5. Zhang, Shaohui & Fan, Junliang & Zhang, Fucang & Wang, Haidong & Yang, Ling & Sun, Xin & Cheng, Minghui & Cheng, Houliang & Li, Zhijun, 2022. "Optimizing irrigation amount and potassium rate to simultaneously improve tuber yield, water productivity and plant potassium accumulation of drip-fertigated potato in northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    6. Xing, Yingying & Zhang, Teng & Jiang, Wenting & Li, Peng & Shi, Peng & Xu, Guoce & Cheng, Shengdong & Cheng, Yuting & Fan, Zhang & Wang, Xiukang, 2022. "Effects of irrigation and fertilization on different potato varieties growth, yield and resources use efficiency in the Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    7. Sarker, Khokan Kumer & Hossain, Akbar & Timsina, Jagadish & Biswas, Sujit Kumar & Kundu, Bimal Chandra & Barman, Alak & Murad, Khandakar Faisal Ibn & Akter, Farzana, 2019. "Yield and quality of potato tuber and its water productivity are influenced by alternate furrow irrigation in a raised bed system," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 1-1.
    8. Ierna, Anita & Mauromicale, Giovanni, 2018. "Potato growth, yield and water productivity response to different irrigation and fertilization regimes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 201(C), pages 21-26.
    9. Zhang, Fan & Chen, Mengru & Fu, Jintao & Zhang, Xiangzhu & Li, Yuan & Shao, Yating & Xing, Yingying & Wang, Xiukang, 2023. "Coupling effects of irrigation amount and fertilization rate on yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of different potato varieties in Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    10. Badr, M.A. & Abou-Hussein, S.D. & El-Tohamy, W.A., 2016. "Tomato yield, nitrogen uptake and water use efficiency as affected by planting geometry and level of nitrogen in an arid region," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 90-97.
    11. Paredes, Paula & D’Agostino, Daniela & Assif, Mahdi & Todorovic, Mladen & Pereira, Luis S., 2018. "Assessing potato transpiration, yield and water productivity under various water regimes and planting dates using the FAO dual Kc approach," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 11-24.
    12. Badr, M.A. & El-Tohamy, W.A. & Zaghloul, A.M., 2012. "Yield and water use efficiency of potato grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 9-15.
    13. Wang, Haidong & Cheng, Minghui & Liao, Zhenqi & Guo, Jinjin & Zhang, Fucang & Fan, Junliang & Feng, Hao & Yang, Qiliang & Wu, Lifeng & Wang, Xiukang, 2023. "Performance evaluation of AquaCrop and DSSAT-SUBSTOR-Potato models in simulating potato growth, yield and water productivity under various drip fertigation regimes," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    14. Comas, Louise H. & Trout, Thomas J. & DeJonge, Kendall C. & Zhang, Huihui & Gleason, Sean M., 2019. "Water productivity under strategic growth stage-based deficit irrigation in maize," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 433-440.
    15. Zhang, Guangxin & Dai, Rongcheng & Ma, Wenzhuo & Fan, Hengzhi & Meng, Wenhui & Han, Juan & Liao, Yuncheng, 2022. "Optimizing the ridge–furrow ratio and nitrogen application rate can increase the grain yield and water use efficiency of rain-fed spring maize in the Loess Plateau region of China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    16. Franco-Luesma, Samuel & Álvaro-Fuentes, Jorge & Plaza-Bonilla, Daniel & Arrúe, José Luis & Cantero-Martínez, Carlos & Cavero, José, 2019. "Influence of irrigation time and frequency on greenhouse gas emissions in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated maize under Mediterranean conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 303-311.
    17. Zhou, Zhenjiang & Plauborg, Finn & Parsons, David & Andersen, Mathias Neumann, 2018. "Potato canopy growth, yield and soil water dynamics under different irrigation systems," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 9-18.
    18. Fan, Yubing & Wang, Chenggang & Nan, Zhibiao, 2014. "Comparative evaluation of crop water use efficiency, economic analysis and net household profit simulation in arid Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 335-345.
    19. Badr, M.A. & El-Tohamy, W.A. & Salman, S.R. & Gruda, N., 2022. "Yield and water use relationships of potato under different timing and severity of water stress," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    20. Wang, Feng & Meng, Haofeng & Xie, Ruizhi & Wang, Keru & Ming, Bo & Hou, Peng & Xue, Jun & Li, Shaokun, 2023. "Optimizing deficit irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation methods increases water productivity in maize," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:256:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421004078. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.