The Challenge of Regime-Based Ethnic Exclusion to Nation Building in the Daniel Moi Presidency in Kenya, 1978-2003

Aim: Since independence in 1963, Kenya’s nation-building has been undermined by regime-based ethnic exclusion. Successive governments have favored certain ethnic groups, fostering inequality, political instability, and social fragmentation. The general objective of this study was to examine the challenge of regime-based ethnic exclusion to nation-building in Kenya during the Daniel Moi presidency, from 1978 to 2002. Methods: This study was anchored in Ethnic Identity Theory and Political Patronage Theory. A historical research design was adopted to comprehensively investigate the impact of regime-driven ethnic exclusion on nation-building in Kenya during the period 1978–2003. Data collection was conducted through interview schedules featuring open-ended questions, allowing respondents the flexibility to provide detailed and context-specific insights. The study employed a combination of simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques to ensure representativeness across Kenya’s diverse population, considering ethnicity, region, and professional background. Data obtained were analyzed qualitatively through systematic content review and analysis. Results: Findings of the study observed that the Daniel Moi Presidency between 1978 and 2003 was marked by heightened levels of ethnic exclusivism and patronage politics that favored certain communities while neglecting others. This entrenched system of ethnic favoritism led to significant dissatisfaction among various ethnic groups, prompting increasing demands for political inclusivity and justice. Conclusion: The regime's authoritarian methods, coupled with the concentration of state resources and authority among a limited group, weakened national unity and democratic principles. Recommendation: To prevent ethnic exclusivism and strengthen national unity, this study recommends promoting inclusivity and merit-based governance through fair appointments, independent oversight, constitutional safeguards, and policies that promote inter-ethnic trust and accountability.