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The resilience of Russian Arctic cities 1989–2017

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  • Andrey Polyachenko

Abstract

The topic of economic resilience is important and widely discussed today. However, the resilience of Russian regions and cities is insufficiently studied by indicator methods (without constructing an index). The paper aims to fill this gap, and is based on R. Martin's method: the resistance of each city was calculated and compared with all other cities. The method was tuned: instead of employment (partly unavailable) as a resilience indicator, we took population, which generally correlates with employment. The sample includes 44 cities for two periods (1989–2002 and 2002–2017). The cities were separated into two groups: those with oil and gas specialization and those without, because this specialization mostly explains the resilience difference, that is, oil and gas cities coped with the shock far better. The factors of resilience were different. In the first period, location in Arkhangelsk region increased resilience of cities not specialized in oil and gas, while mining specialization and access to a water body reduced it. In the second period, regional capital status and specialization in state‐based industry and services (military, military industry, nuclear) added resilience. For oil and gas cities, the starting phase of the resource cycle, regional capital status, and surrounding indigenous population added resilience during both periods. As now the economic conditions are based on the end of the second period, the dynamics can be similar, but less favorable. Thus, according to these results, we can predict the middle‐ and long‐term resilience of the cities. Moreover, we can identify measures of increasing resilience: diversification of cities not specialized in oil or gas mining and raising of federal funding. External geographic location does not influence resilience, while internal location can. El tema de la resiliencia económica es importante y ampliamente debatido en la actualidad. Sin embargo, la resiliencia de las regiones y ciudades rusas no está suficientemente estudiada mediante métodos que hacen uso de indicadores (sin construir un índice). El artículo pretende cerrar esta brecha, y se basa en el método de R. Martin: se calculó la resistencia de cada ciudad y se comparó con todas las demás. El método se ajustó: en lugar del empleo (parcialmente no disponible) como indicador de resiliencia, se usó la población, que generalmente se correlaciona con el empleo. La muestra incluye 44 ciudades para dos períodos (1989–2002 y 2002–2017). Las ciudades se separaron en dos grupos: las que estaban especializadas en petróleo y gas y las que no, ya que esta especialización explica en su mayor parte la diferencia de resiliencia, es decir, las ciudades especializadas en petróleo y gas soportaron mucho mejor la perturbación. Los factores de resiliencia fueron diferentes. En el primer periodo, la ubicación en la región de Arkhangelsk aumentó la resiliencia de las ciudades no especializadas en petróleo y gas, mientras que la especialización minera y el acceso a una masa de agua la redujeron. En el segundo período, el estatus de capital regional y la especialización en la industria y los servicios estatales (militar, industria militar, nuclear) añadieron resiliencia. En el caso de las ciudades del petróleo y el gas, la fase inicial del ciclo de los recursos, el estatus de capital regional y la población indígena circundante añadieron resiliencia durante ambos periodos. Como ahora las condiciones económicas se basan en el final del segundo período, la dinámica puede ser similar, pero menos favorable. Así, según estos resultados, es posible predecir la resiliencia a medio y largo plazo de las ciudades. Además, es posible identificar medidas de aumento de la resiliencia: la diversificación de las ciudades no especializadas en la extracción de petróleo o gas y el aumento de la financiación federal. La ubicación geográfica externa no influye en la resiliencia, mientras que la interna sí. 経済レジリエンスのトピックは重要であり、今日では広く議論されている。しかし、ロシアの地域と都市のレジリエンスは、(指標を構築しない)指標法による研究が不十分である。本稿は、この欠点を補うため、R.Martinの方法に基づき、各都市の抵抗力を算出し、他のすべての都市と比較した。レジリエンス指標として、就業率を用いる代わり(これは一部で利用できないため)に、通常は就業率と相関する人口を用いることで、R.Martinの方法に手を加えた。2つの期間(1989~2002年と2002~2017年)で44都市のデータをサンプルとした。都市は、石油とガスに特化した都市とそうでない都市の2つのグループに分けた。これは、主にレジリエンスの違いを説明するからであるが、石油とガスの都市は、ショックに対する対処が非常に良好であった。レジリエンスの因子は異なっていた。第1期には、アルハンゲリスク地域に立地することで、石油やガスに特化していない都市のレジリエンスが向上した一方で、採掘業の特化と水域へのアクセスが減少した。第2期では、地域資本の地位と州ベースの産業・サービス(軍事、軍事産業、原子力)への特化がレジリエンスを高めた。石油とガスの都市では、資源循環の開始段階、地域の資本状況、周辺の原住民人口が、両期間においてレジリエンスを増強した。現在の経済状況は、第2期の終盤に基づいているため、動向は似ている可能性があるが、良好ではない。以上の結果から、都市の中長期のレジリエンスを予測することができる。さらに、石油やガスの採掘に特化していない都市の多様化や連邦政府からの資金援助など、レジリエンスを高める方法を特定できる。外部の地理的立地はレジリエンスに影響しないが、内部の立地は影響する。

Suggested Citation

  • Andrey Polyachenko, 2022. "The resilience of Russian Arctic cities 1989–2017," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(4), pages 796-825, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:4:p:796-825
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12527
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    References listed on IDEAS

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