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The Underground Economy, the Demand for Currency Approach and the Analysis of Discrepancies: Some Recent European Experience

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  • Paolo Caridi
  • Paolo Passerini

Abstract

Recent estimates of the size of the “underground economy” have used the so‐called “demand for currency approach.” One of the assumptions made by these studies is that official statistics do not take into account the underground economy when estimating GDP. After setting some definitions, the paper presents a brief critical review of the method and results obtained for the European Union using this approach. It points out that the different concepts of unreported and unrecorded activities are incorrectly considered to be equivalent. The third section, after a review of the method of estimating the underground economy using the discrepancy approach, presents the new results of the authors which give an indication of the amount of the unreported activities already included in official national accounts statistics in the EU. The results of the discrepancy approach disprove the widespread belief that official statistics only include officially recorded transactions and reinforce the critical view on the results obtained with the currency‐demand approach.

Suggested Citation

  • Paolo Caridi & Paolo Passerini, 2001. "The Underground Economy, the Demand for Currency Approach and the Analysis of Discrepancies: Some Recent European Experience," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 47(2), pages 239-250, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:revinw:v:47:y:2001:i:2:p:239-250
    DOI: 10.1111/1475-4991.00014
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Fischer, Björn & Köhler-Ulbrich, Petra & Seitz, Franz, 2004. "The demand for euro area currencies: past, present and future," Working Paper Series 330, European Central Bank.
    2. Matsaganis, Manos & Benedek, Dóra & Flevotomou, Maria & Lelkes, Orsolya & Mantovani, Daniela & Nienadowska, Sylwia, 2010. "Distributional implications of income tax evasion in Greece, Hungary and Italy," MPRA Paper 21465, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Mai Hassan & Friedrich Schneider, 2016. "Modelling the Egyptian Shadow Economy: A Currency Demand and A MIMIC Model Approach," CESifo Working Paper Series 5727, CESifo.
    4. Mukherjee, Sacchidananda & Rao, R. Kavita, 2015. "Estimation of Unaccounted Income Using Transport as a Universal Input: A Methodological Note," Working Papers 15/146, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
    5. Jan Cimburek & Pavel Řežábek, 2013. "Currency in Circulation: Reaction in Crises [Hotovost v oběhu: reakce na krizové situace]," Český finanční a účetní časopis, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2013(3), pages 62-72.
    6. Karine Torosyan & Randall K. Filer, 2014. "Tax reform in Georgia and the size of the shadow economy," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 22(1), pages 179-210, January.
    7. Manos Matsaganis & Maria Flevotomou, 2010. "Distributional Implications of Tax Evasion in Greece," GreeSE – Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe 31, Hellenic Observatory, LSE.
    8. Colin C. Williams, 2014. "Confronting the Shadow Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 15370.
    9. Mai HASSAN & Friedrich SCHNEIDER, 2016. "Modelling the Egyptian Shadow Economy: A MIMIC model and A Currency Demand approach," Journal of Economics and Political Economy, KSP Journals, vol. 3(2), pages 309-339, June.
    10. Chiumya, Chiza, 2007. "The Parallel Economy in Malawi: Size, Effect on Tax Revenue and Policy Options," MPRA Paper 9860, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Ioannis Kostakis, 2017. "The impact of shadow economy and/or corruption on private consumption: further evidence from selected Eurozone economies," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 7(3), pages 411-434, December.
    12. Ahumada, Hildegart & Alvaredo, Facundo & Canavese, Alfredo J., 2006. "The Demand for Currency Approach and the Size of the Shadow Economy: A Critical Assessment," Berkeley Olin Program in Law & Economics, Working Paper Series qt6zn9p98b, Berkeley Olin Program in Law & Economics.
    13. Nicolas Jacquemet, 2006. "Le travail irrégulier en France," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-02504628, HAL.
    14. Matsaganis, Manos & Flevotomou, Maria, 2010. "Distributional implications of tax evasion in Greece," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 26074, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    15. Andrea Albarea & Michele Bernasconi & Anna Marenzi & Dino Rizzi, 2020. "Income Underreporting and Tax Evasion in Italy: Estimates and Distributional Effects," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 66(4), pages 904-930, December.

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