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Bank Lending to Developing Countries and Possible Solutions to International Debt Problems

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  • Peter Nunnenkamp*

Abstract

SUMMARY In the paper it is argued that imprudent lending by Western commercial banks until the early eighties must be considered as a major reason for ongoing debt problems of Third World economies. In particular the hypothesis is raised that banks followed a lemming‐like behaviour in lending to developing countries, that they were subject to risk‐illusions or even could discount the risks involved because of incentives to moral hazard. This finally may have resulted in a turnabout of private lenders to rather restrictive lending policies which macroeconomically may be no less harmful. Different factors like public guarantees, deposit insurance schemes, the activities of international organizations, credit syndications and the roll‐over technique are analysed as important determinants of bank behaviour. Furthermore, possible solutions to the ongoing debt difficulties are discussed, with particular emphasis on the interplay between public authorities and private creditors. The major conclusion is that the mechanism of market control over bank policies should be strengthened rather than intensifying government regulation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In dem Papier wird eine unvorsichtige Kreditvergabe der westlichen Geschäfts‐banken bis zum Anfang der achtziger Jahre als wichtiger Faktor für die andauernden Verschuldungsprobleme in der Dritten Welt angesehen. Insbesondere wird die Hypo‐these aufgeworfen, dass ein problematisches Parallelverhalten der Banken bei der Kreditvergabe an Entwicklungsländer vorherrschte, dass sie Risikoillusionen unter‐lagen oder Risiken sogar vernachlässigen konnten, weil es Anreize zu einem “moral hazardw‐Verhalten gab. Dies führte letztendlich dazu, dass die Kreditvergabepolitik plötzlich auf einen sehr restriktiven Kurs umschwenkte, was gesamtwirtschaftlich nicht minder schadlich sein dürfte. Es werden verschiedene Faktoren analysiert, die das Bankverhalten massgeblich beeinflusst haben dürften, wie z.B. öffentliche Kreditgarantien, die Versicherung von Bankdepositen, die Aktivitäten internationaler Organisationen, die Syndizierung von Krediten und die Praxis des “roll‐over”. Weiterhin werden mögliche Ansätze zur Lösung der fortdauernden Schuldenprobleme diskutiert, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem Zusammenspiel von öffentlichen Stellen und privaten Gläubigern liegt. Die wichtigste Schlussfolgerung lautet, dass ‐ statt staatliche Regulierungen zu ver‐schärfen ‐ die Mechanismen der Marktkontrolle über das Bankverhalten gestärkt werden sollten. RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article ľauteur argue qu'il faut considérer ľoctroi de crédit imprudent des banques commerciales de ľouest jusqu'aux années quatre‐vingt comme raison majeure pour les problèmes courants ďendettement des économies du Tiers Monde. Particulièrement il fait ľhypothèse que des banques suivaient une conduite comme des lemmings en octroi des crédits aux pays développants, qu'elles étaient soumises aux illusions de risque ou qu'elles pouvaient meme escompter les risques à cause des indications a “moral hazard”. II serait possible que ces facteurs ont causé un change‐ment de la politique ďoctroi des créditeurs vers des politiques ďoctroi assez restric‐tives qui macroéconomiquement n'étaient pas moins pernicieuses. Des facteurs différents comme des garanties publiques, les schèmes des assurances de dépǒt, les activités des organisations internationales, les syndications de crédit, et les techniques “roll‐over” sont analysés comme déterminants importants de la conduite bancaire. De plus, ľauteur discute des solutions possibles des difficultés courantes ďendettement et il souligne en particulier les interactions entre les autorités publiques et les créditeurs privés. La conclusion principale est qu'il faut fortifier le mécanisme du contrǒle de marché sur les politiques bancaires au lieu ďintensifier les régulations gouvernementales.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Nunnenkamp*, 1985. "Bank Lending to Developing Countries and Possible Solutions to International Debt Problems," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(4), pages 555-577, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:38:y:1985:i:4:p:555-577
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1985.tb01246.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mr. G. G. Johnson & Mr. Richard K. Abrams, 1983. "Aspects of the International Banking Safety Net," IMF Occasional Papers 1983/002, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Lessard, Donald, 1983. "North-South : The implications for multinational banking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 521-536, December.
    3. Paul De Grauwe & Michele Fratianni, 1984. "The Political Economy of International Lending," Cato Journal, Cato Journal, Cato Institute, vol. 4(1), pages 147-184, Spring/Su.
    4. International Monetary Fund, 1983. "World Economic Outlook," IMF Occasional Papers 1983/004, International Monetary Fund.
    5. Larry A. Sjaastad, 1983. "International Debt Quagmire — to Whom do We Owe It?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(3), pages 305-324, September.
    6. Roland Vaubel, 1983. "The Moral Hazard of IMF Lending," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(3), pages 291-304, September.
    7. Porzecanski, Arturo C., 1981. "The international financial role of U.S. commercial banks: Past and future," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 5-16, March.
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    1. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 1986. "Bank lending and government intervention in capital markets: Has recycling gone too far?," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 1974, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).

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