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Regional analysis of aluminum and steel flows into the American automotive industry

Author

Listed:
  • Nate P. Hua
  • Jarod C. Kelly
  • Geoffrey M. Lewis
  • Gregory A. Keoleian

Abstract

Aluminum and steel represent the two most dominant metals in light‐duty vehicles, yet the flows of these materials into the American automotive industry have not been well characterized. This study proposes and implements a method for analyzing the flow of these metals into the automotive industry. We create a framework for performing regionally linked, sector‐specific material flow analyses and use this framework to trace flows of aluminum and steel entering the American automotive industry, focusing on flows downstream from raw material production. We show that automotive aluminum sheet and extrusions are sourced primarily from the NPCC (23%), SERC (20%), MRO (18%), and RFC (13%) North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) regions, and a spatially unresolved local region within the United States and Canada (18%). We determine that primary aluminum is largely from Canada (70%), nearly all from Quebec (69%). Further upstream, alumina and bauxite originate mostly from Brazil, Australia, and Jamaica. We also show that finished automotive steel is sourced primarily from the RFC (63%) and SERC (20%) regions. The crude steel supply similarly originates mainly from the RFC (69%) and SERC (7%) regions. Upstream raw materials including coke, coking coal, iron ore, lime, and steel scrap are primarily sourced from the United States with only direct reduced iron and pig iron used in electric arc furnace steel production coming mostly from outside the United States. The framework developed here allows for increased spatial resolution of material flows, which can be used to develop more specific life cycle impact factors for life cycle assessments.

Suggested Citation

  • Nate P. Hua & Jarod C. Kelly & Geoffrey M. Lewis & Gregory A. Keoleian, 2022. "Regional analysis of aluminum and steel flows into the American automotive industry," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(4), pages 1318-1332, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:inecol:v:26:y:2022:i:4:p:1318-1332
    DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13268
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chen, Wei-Qiang & Shi, Lei, 2012. "Analysis of aluminum stocks and flows in mainland China from 1950 to 2009: Exploring the dynamics driving the rapid increase in China's aluminum production," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 18-28.
    2. Yellishetty, Mohan & Ranjith, P.G. & Tharumarajah, A., 2010. "Iron ore and steel production trends and material flows in the world: Is this really sustainable?," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 54(12), pages 1084-1094.
    3. Joseph S. Colett & Jarod C. Kelly & Gregory A. Keoleian, 2016. "Using Nested Average Electricity Allocation Protocols to Characterize Electrical Grids in Life Cycle Assessment," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 20(1), pages 29-41, February.
    4. Lynette Cheah & John Heywood & Randolph Kirchain, 2009. "Aluminum Stock and Flows in U.S. Passenger Vehicles and Implications for Energy Use," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 13(5), pages 718-734, October.
    5. Chen, Wei-Qiang & Graedel, T.E., 2012. "Dynamic analysis of aluminum stocks and flows in the United States: 1900–2009," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 92-102.
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