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Poverty in Edwardian Britain

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  • IAN GAZELEY
  • ANDREW NEWELL

Abstract

This article introduces a newly discovered household budget data set for 1904. We use these data to estimate urban poverty among working families in the British Isles. Applying Bowley's poverty line, we estimate that at least 23 per cent of people in urban working households and 18 per cent of working households had income insufficient to meet minimum needs. This is well above Rowntree's estimate of primary poverty for York in 1899 and high in the range that Bowley found in northern towns in 1912–13. The skill gradient of poverty is steep; for instance, among labourers' households, the poverty rates are close to 50 per cent. Measures of the depth of poverty are relatively low in the data, suggesting that most poor male-headed working households were close to meeting Bowley's new standard.

Suggested Citation

  • Ian Gazeley & Andrew Newell, 2011. "Poverty in Edwardian Britain," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 64(1), pages 52-71, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ehsrev:v:64:y:2011:i:1:p:52-71
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00523.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ian Gazeley, 1989. "The cost of living for urban workers in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 42(2), pages 207-221, May.
    2. Charles Feinstein, 1990. "What really happened to real wages?: trends in wages, prices, and productivity in the United Kingdom, 1880-1913," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 43(3), pages 329-355, August.
    3. Colin A. Linsley & Christine L. Linsley, 1993. "Booth, Rowntree, and Llewelyn Smith: a reassessment of interwar poverty," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 46(1), pages 88-104, February.
    4. Gazeley, Ian & Newell, Andrew, 2000. "Rowntree Revisited: Poverty in Britain, 1900," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 174-188, April.
    5. Humphrey R. Southall, 1988. "The origins of the depressed areas: unemployment growth, and regional economic structure in Britain before 1914," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 41(2), pages 236-258, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ian Gazeley & Andrew Newell, 2015. "Urban working-class food consumption and nutrition in Britain in 1904," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 68(1), pages 101-122, February.
    2. Francesco Olivanti, 2018. "Standard Budgets in Spanish Economic History: a User’s Guide to Sources and Methods," HHB Working Papers Series 10, The Historical Household Budgets Project.
    3. Ian Gazeley & Andrew Newell & Kevin Reynolds & Hector Rufrancos, 2022. "How hungry were the poor in late 1930s Britain?," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 75(1), pages 80-110, February.
    4. Rebecca Searle, 2015. "Is there anything real about real wages? A history of the official British cost of living index, 1914–62," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 68(1), pages 145-166, February.
    5. Damian Clarke & Manuel Llorca Jaña & Daniel Pailañir, 2023. "The use of quantile methods in economic history," Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(2), pages 115-132, April.

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