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Performance, Diversity And National Identity Evidence From Association Football

Author

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  • Jorge Tovar

Abstract

The increasing national diversity of coworkers has no consensus on its impact on performance. Using a team's predominant nationality as a proxy for national diversity and national identity, there is robust evidence that it affects team and individual performance. Detailed worker‐level data from a highly globalized industry, association football, show a nonlinear relationship between performance and the predominant nationality of a team's roster. As the number of members from the predominant nationality increases, performance declines. However, beyond a threshold level, performance rises. It follows that performance benefits from national diversity when the predominant nationality is small and from national identity when it is large. (JEL M14, Z21, Z22, J15)

Suggested Citation

  • Jorge Tovar, 2020. "Performance, Diversity And National Identity Evidence From Association Football," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 58(2), pages 897-916, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ecinqu:v:58:y:2020:i:2:p:897-916
    DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12861
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    Cited by:

    1. Michele Baggio & Metin Cosgel, 2023. "Racial Diversity and Team Performance: Evidence from the American Offshore Whaling Industry," Working papers 2023-04, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, revised Mar 2026.
    2. Michel Beine & Silvia Peracchi & Skerdilajda Zanaj, 2021. "Genetic Diversity and Performance: Evidence from Fooball Data," CESifo Working Paper Series 9188, CESifo.
    3. Beine, Michel & Peracchi, Silvia & Zanaj, Skerdilajda, 2023. "Ancestral diversity and performance: Evidence from football data," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 193-214.
    4. David Boto‐García & Carlos Varela‐Quintana & Alvaro Muñiz, 2023. "Foreign players, team production, and technical efficiency: Evidence from European soccer," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(4), pages 1209-1241, October.
    5. Galindo, Arturo J. & Tovar, Jorge, 2024. "From the pandemic to the pitch. Unraveling COVID-19′s effect on workers' performance," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    6. Gábor Békés & Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano, 2025. "Cultural Homophily and Collaboration in Superstar Teams," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 71(10), pages 8149-8168, October.
    7. Arturo Galindo & Jorge Tovar, 2024. "From the Pandemic to the Pitch. Unraveling COVID-19's Effect on Workers' Performance," Documentos CEDE 21007, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • M14 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - Corporate Culture; Diversity; Social Responsibility
    • Z21 - Other Special Topics - - Sports Economics - - - Industry Studies
    • Z22 - Other Special Topics - - Sports Economics - - - Labor Issues
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

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