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Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi

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  • Tania Murray Li

Abstract

Research and policy concerning the Southeast Asian uplands have generally focused on issues of cultural diversity, conservation and community resource management. This article argues for a reorientation of analysis to highlight the increasingly uneven access to land, labour and capital stemming from processes of agrarian differentiation in upland settings. It draws upon contrasting case studies from two areas of Central Sulawesi to explore the processes through which differentiation occurs, and the role of local histories of agriculture and settlement in shaping farmers’ responses to new market opportunities. Smallholders have enthusiastically abandoned their diversified farming systems to invest their land and labour in a new global crop, cocoa, thereby stimulating a set of changes in resource access and social relations that they did not anticipate. The concept of agency drawn from a culturally oriented political economy guides the analysis of struggles over livelihoods, land entitlements, and the reconfiguration of community, as well as the grounds on which new collective visions emerge.

Suggested Citation

  • Tania Murray Li, 2002. "Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 415-437, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:devchg:v:33:y:2002:i:3:p:415-437
    DOI: 10.1111/1467-7660.00261
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    Cited by:

    1. Sacha Amaruzaman & Douglas K. Bardsley & Randy Stringer, 2022. "Reflexive policies and the complex socio-ecological systems of the upland landscapes in Indonesia," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 39(2), pages 683-700, June.
    2. Toumbourou, Tessa D. & Dressler, Wolfram H. & Werner, Tim T., 2022. "Plantations enabling mines: Incremental industrial extraction, social differentiation and livelihood change in East Kalimantan, Indonesia," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    3. Hein, Jonas, 2013. "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), Transnational Conservation and Access to Land in Jambi, Indonesia," EFForTS Discussion Paper Series 2, University of Goettingen, Collaborative Research Centre 990 "EFForTS, Ecological and Socioeconomic Functions of Tropical Lowland Rainforest Transformation Systems (Sumatra, Indonesia)".
    4. Cramb, Rob A. & Sujang, Patrick S., 2012. "Pathways through the Plantation: Oil Palm Smallholders and Livelihood Strategies in Sarawak, Malaysia," 2012 Conference (56th), February 7-10, 2012, Fremantle, Australia 124277, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    5. Suhardiman, Diana & Phayouphorn, Anna-Maria & Gueguen, Anthony & Rigg, Jonathan, 2023. "Silent transitions: Commercialization and changing customary land tenure systems in upland Laos," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    6. Rahmat Aris Pratomo & D. Ary A. Samsura & Erwin van der Krabben, 2020. "Transformation of Local People’s Property Rights Induced by New Town Development (Case Studies in Peri-Urban Areas in Indonesia)," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-24, July.
    7. Gamma Galudra & Meine Noordwijk & Putra Agung & Suyanto Suyanto & Ujjwal Pradhan, 2014. "Migrants, land markets and carbon emissions in Jambi, Indonesia: Land tenure change and the prospect of emission reduction," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 19(6), pages 715-731, August.
    8. Tuyen Nghiem & Yasuyuki Kono & Stephen J. Leisz, 2020. "Crop Boom as a Trigger of Smallholder Livelihood and Land Use Transformations: The Case of Coffee Production in the Northern Mountain Region of Vietnam," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-16, February.
    9. Maharani, Cynthia D. & Moeliono, Moira & Wong, Grace Y. & Brockhaus, Maria & Carmenta, Rachel & Kallio, Maarit, 2019. "Development and equity: A gendered inquiry in a swidden landscape," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 120-128.
    10. Nurlinah, & Haryanto, & Sunardi,, 2020. "New development, old migration, and governance at two villages in Jeneponto, Indonesia," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 19(C).
    11. Elok Mulyoutami & Betha Lusiana & Meine van Noordwijk, 2020. "Gendered Migration and Agroforestry in Indonesia: Livelihoods, Labor, Know-How, Networks," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-18, December.
    12. Nicholas Pope, 2023. "Militias going rogue: Social dilemmas and coercive brokerage in Rio de Janeiro's urban frontier," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(3), pages 478-490, April.
    13. Anthony Bebbington & Leni Dharmawan & Erwin Fahmi & Scott Guggenheim, 2004. "Village politics, culture and community-driven development: insights from Indonesia," Progress in Development Studies, , vol. 4(3), pages 187-205, July.
    14. Atika Wijaya & Pieter Glasbergen & Pieter Leroy & Ari Darmastuti, 2018. "Governance challenges of cocoa partnership projects in Indonesia: seeking synergy in multi-stakeholder arrangements for sustainable agriculture," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 129-153, February.
    15. Julie A. Silva & Nicole Motzer, 2015. "Hybrid Uptakes of Neoliberal Conservation in Namibian Tourism-based Development," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 46(1), pages 48-71, January.
    16. Colfer, Carol J. Pierce & Achdiawan, Ramadhani & Roshetko, James M. & Mulyoutami, Elok & Yuliani, E. Linda & Mulyana, Agus & Moeliono, Moira & Adnan, Hasantoha & Erni,, 2015. "The Balance of Power in Household Decision-Making: Encouraging News on Gender in Southern Sulawesi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 147-164.
    17. Jonathan Newby & Rob Cramb & Somphanh Sakanphet, 2014. "Forest Transitions and Rural Livelihoods: Multiple Pathways of Smallholder Teak Expansion in Northern Laos," Land, MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-22, June.
    18. Greg Acciaioli, 2017. "Finding Tools to Limit Sectarian Violence in Indonesia: The Relevance of Restorative Justice," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(5), pages 1219-1255, November.
    19. Park, Albert Sanghoon, 2017. "Does the Development Discourse Learn from History?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 52-64.

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