IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/biomet/v79y2023i1p39-48.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Covariate adjustment in continuous biomarker assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Ziyi Li
  • Yijian Huang
  • Dattatraya Patil
  • Martin G. Sanda

Abstract

Continuous biomarkers are common for disease screening and diagnosis. To reach a dichotomous clinical decision, a threshold would be imposed to distinguish subjects with disease from nondiseased individuals. Among various performance metrics, specificity at a controlled sensitivity level (or vice versa) is often desirable because it directly targets the clinical utility of the intended clinical test. Meanwhile, covariates, such as age, race, as well as sample collection conditions, could impact the biomarker distribution and may also confound the association between biomarker and disease status. Therefore, covariate adjustment is important in such biomarker evaluation. Most existing covariate adjustment methods do not specifically target the desired sensitivity/specificity level, but rather do so for the entire biomarker distribution. As such, they might be more prone to model misspecification. In this paper, we suggest a parsimonious quantile regression model for the diseased population, only locally at the controlled sensitivity level, and assess specificity with covariate‐specific control of the sensitivity. Variance estimates are obtained from a sample‐based approach and bootstrap. Furthermore, our proposed local model extends readily to a global one for covariate adjustment for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve over the sensitivity continuum. We demonstrate computational efficiency of this proposed method and restore the inherent monotonicity in the estimated covariate‐adjusted ROC curve. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are established. Simulation studies show favorable performance of the proposal. Finally, we illustrate our method in biomarker evaluation for aggressive prostate cancer.

Suggested Citation

  • Ziyi Li & Yijian Huang & Dattatraya Patil & Martin G. Sanda, 2023. "Covariate adjustment in continuous biomarker assessment," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 79(1), pages 39-48, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:biomet:v:79:y:2023:i:1:p:39-48
    DOI: 10.1111/biom.13601
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13601
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/biom.13601?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Koenker, Roger W & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1978. "Regression Quantiles," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(1), pages 33-50, January.
    2. Margaret Sullivan Pepe, 2000. "An Interpretation for the ROC Curve and Inference Using GLM Procedures," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 56(2), pages 352-359, June.
    3. P. J. Heagerty & M. S. Pepe, 1999. "Semiparametric estimation of regression quantiles with application to standardizing weight for height and age in US children," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 48(4), pages 533-551.
    4. Holly Janes & Margaret S. Pepe, 2009. "Adjusting for covariate effects on classification accuracy using the covariate-adjusted receiver operating characteristic curve," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 96(2), pages 371-382.
    5. Lian, Heng & Meng, Jie & Fan, Zengyan, 2015. "Simultaneous estimation of linear conditional quantiles with penalized splines," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1-21.
    6. Anna N. Angelos Tosteson & Colin B. Begg, 1988. "A General Regression Methodology for ROC Curve Estimation," Medical Decision Making, , vol. 8(3), pages 204-215, August.
    7. Yijian Huang, 2017. "Restoration of Monotonicity Respecting in Dynamic Regression," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 112(518), pages 613-622, April.
    8. Y. Andriyana & I. Gijbels & A. Verhasselt, 2014. "P-splines quantile regression estimation in varying coefficient models," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 23(1), pages 153-194, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hemant Kulkarni & Jayabrata Biswas & Kiranmoy Das, 2019. "A joint quantile regression model for multiple longitudinal outcomes," AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, Springer;German Statistical Society, vol. 103(4), pages 453-473, December.
    2. Jin, Hua & Lu, Ying, 2009. "The ROC region of a regression tree," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 79(7), pages 936-942, April.
    3. Holly Janes & Margaret S. Pepe, 2008. "Matching in Studies of Classification Accuracy: Implications for Analysis, Efficiency, and Assessment of Incremental Value," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 64(1), pages 1-9, March.
    4. Hong-Xia Xu & Guo-Liang Fan & Zhen-Long Chen & Jiang-Feng Wang, 2018. "Weighted quantile regression and testing for varying-coefficient models with randomly truncated data," AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, Springer;German Statistical Society, vol. 102(4), pages 565-588, October.
    5. Lori E. Dodd & Margaret S. Pepe, 2003. "Partial AUC Estimation and Regression," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 59(3), pages 614-623, September.
    6. Holly Janes & Gary Longton & Margaret S. Pepe, 2009. "Accommodating covariates in receiver operating characteristic analysis," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 9(1), pages 17-39, March.
    7. Jooyong Shim & Changha Hwang & Kyungha Seok, 2014. "Composite support vector quantile regression estimation," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 29(6), pages 1651-1665, December.
    8. Rodríguez-Álvarez, María Xosé & Roca-Pardiñas, Javier & Cadarso-Suárez, Carmen, 2011. "A new flexible direct ROC regression model: Application to the detection of cardiovascular risk factors by anthropometric measures," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 55(12), pages 3257-3270, December.
    9. Nicholas Illenberger & Nandita Mitra & Andrew J. Spieker, 2022. "A regression framework for a probabilistic measure of cost‐effectiveness," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(7), pages 1438-1451, July.
    10. Isabelle Charlier & Davy Paindaveine, 2014. "Conditional Quantile Estimation through Optimal Quantization," Working Papers ECARES ECARES 2014-28, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    11. Park, Seyoung & Kim, Hyunjin & Lee, Eun Ryung, 2023. "Regional quantile regression for multiple responses," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    12. Pardo-Fernandez, Juan Carlos & Rodriguez-alvarez, Maria Xose & Van Keilegom, Ingrid, 2013. "A review on ROC curves in the presence of covariates," LIDAM Discussion Papers ISBA 2013050, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    13. Feng, Xingdong & Liu, Qiaochu & Wang, Caixing, 2023. "A lack-of-fit test for quantile regression process models," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    14. Rodríguez-Álvarez, María Xosé & Tahoces, Pablo G. & Cadarso-Suárez, Carmen & Lado, María José, 2011. "Comparative study of ROC regression techniques--Applications for the computer-aided diagnostic system in breast cancer detection," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 888-902, January.
    15. Tianxi Cai & Yingye Zheng, 2007. "Model Checking for ROC Regression Analysis," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 63(1), pages 152-163, March.
    16. Jayabrata Biswas & Kiranmoy Das, 2021. "A Bayesian quantile regression approach to multivariate semi-continuous longitudinal data," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 241-260, March.
    17. Ying Yuan & Guosheng Yin, 2010. "Bayesian Quantile Regression for Longitudinal Studies with Nonignorable Missing Data," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 66(1), pages 105-114, March.
    18. Jooyong Shim & Changha Hwang & Kyungha Seok, 2016. "Support vector quantile regression with varying coefficients," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 31(3), pages 1015-1030, September.
    19. Feng, Xiang-Nan & Wang, Yifan & Lu, Bin & Song, Xin-Yuan, 2017. "Bayesian regularized quantile structural equation models," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 234-248.
    20. Akosah, Nana Kwame & Alagidede, Imhotep Paul & Schaling, Eric, 2020. "Testing for asymmetry in monetary policy rule for small-open developing economies: Multiscale Bayesian quantile evidence from Ghana," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 22(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:biomet:v:79:y:2023:i:1:p:39-48. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0006-341X .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.