IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bcp/journl/v5y2021i11p529-533.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Impact of Female Empowerment on the Fourth Birth

Author

Listed:
  • Mostafa Sayed Mostafa Abd – El Hameed El Misery

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt)

Abstract

The Egyptian strategy aims at reducing the fertility rate from 3.5% children per woman to 2.4 % by 2030. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in the Arab world with a population of 93 million citizens in 2016, and it is set to grow to about 120 million by 2030 if the same fertility level continues (United Nations, 2017). According to the country’s statistics agency CAPMAS (CAPMAS, 2018) Egypt saw the birth of almost 2.6 million babies per year, from 2012 to 2016. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between women’s empowerment and their fertility choices in order to identify how, if possible, can women’s empowerment contribute to lowering their fertility preference in terms of the number of children ever born and thus lowering the total fertility rate. Due to issues with measuring the direct indicators of empowerment as revealed in the paper, special focus is given to women’s education and work due to their role identified in the literature as key resources of empowerment. We estimate a Cox’s hazard regression model to investigate the significant factors that related to having four children. We fit our model using data from the 2012 round of Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey. Results show that reaching replacement level of having two children is a big challenge to which policy makers must pay careful attention? females who less empowered have more children than those who are more empowered also.

Suggested Citation

  • Mostafa Sayed Mostafa Abd – El Hameed El Misery, 2021. "The Impact of Female Empowerment on the Fourth Birth," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 5(11), pages 529-533, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:5:y:2021:i:11:p:529-533
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/529-533.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/virtual-library/papers/the-impact-of-female-empowerment-on-the-fourth-birth/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Steven Martin, 2000. "Diverging fertility among U.S. women who delay childbearing past age 30," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 37(4), pages 523-533, November.
    2. Øystein Kravdal, 2002. "Education and fertility in sub-Saharan africa: Individual and community effects," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 39(2), pages 233-250, May.
    3. Ragui Assaad & Moundir Lassassi & Shaimaa Yassin & Rana Hendy, 2020. "Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment yet stagnant female labor force participation," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 43(28), pages 817-850.
    4. Eger, Claudia & Miller, Graham & Scarles, Caroline, 2018. "Gender and capacity building: A multi-layered study of empowerment," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 207-219.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. DeJaeghere, Joan & Pellowski Wiger, Nancy & Le, Hue & Luong, Phuong & Ngo, Nga Thi Hang & Vu, Thanh Thi & Lee, Jongwook, 2022. "Why do aspirations matter for empowerment?: Discrepancies between the A-WEAI domains and aspirations of ethnic minority women in Vietnam," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    2. repec:rnp:ppaper:mn45 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Eger, Claudia, 2021. "Gender matters: Rethinking violence in tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    4. Afua Durowaa-Boateng & Anne Goujon & Dilek Yildiz, 2023. "A Bayesian model for the reconstruction of education- and age-specific fertility rates: An application to African and Latin American countries," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 49(31), pages 809-848.
    5. Moundir Lassassi & Aysit Tansel, 2020. "Female labor force participation in five selected MENA countries: An age-period-cohort analysis," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 2018, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
    6. Nicoletta Balbo & Francesco C. Billari & Melinda Mills, 2013. "Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 29(1), pages 1-38, February.
    7. repec:osf:osfxxx:dqrrx_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Adam Isen & Betsey Stevenson, 2010. "Women's Education and Family Behavior: Trends in Marriage, Divorce and Fertility," NBER Chapters, in: Demography and the Economy, pages 107-140, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    9. Øystein Kravdal, 2006. "A simulation-based assessment of the bias produced when using averages from small DHS clusters as contextual variables in multilevel models," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 15(1), pages 1-20.
    10. Isabel Günther & Kenneth Harttgen, 2016. "Desired Fertility and Number of Children Born Across Time and Space," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(1), pages 55-83, February.
    11. Ohinata, Asako, 2008. "Fertility Response to Financial Incentives-Evidence from the Working Families Tax Credit in the UK," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 851, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
    12. Anthony Mveyange, 2015. "On the fertility transition in Africa: Income, child mortality, or education?," WIDER Working Paper Series 089, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    13. Seongsoo Choi, 2018. "Fewer mothers with more colleges? The impacts of expansion in higher education on first marriage and first childbirth," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 39(20), pages 593-634.
    14. Jan M. Hoem & Michaela R. Kreyenfeld, 2006. "Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research. Part 1: Education and first childbearing," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2006-006, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
    15. Kind, Michael & Kleibrink, Jan, 2013. "Sooner or Later – Economic Insecurity and the Timing of First Birth," Ruhr Economic Papers 422, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
    16. Carmen Friedrich & Henriette Engelhardt & Florian Schulz, 2021. "Women’s Agency in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia: The Role of Parenthood and Education," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 40(5), pages 1025-1059, October.
    17. Pedzisai Ndagurwa & Clifford Odimegwu, 2019. "Decomposition of Zimbabwe’s stalled fertility change: a two-sex approach to estimating education and employment effects," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 35-63, March.
    18. Ragui Assaad & Caroline Krafft & Colette Salemi, 2023. "Socioeconomic Status and the Changing Nature of School-to-Work Transitions in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia," ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School, vol. 76(4), pages 697-723, August.
    19. Roch Millogo & Clémentine Rossier, 2022. "Fertility Transition in Dakar, Nairobi, and Ouagadougou Since the 1970s: An Identical Reduction at All Ages Through Modern Contraception?," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(5), pages 2115-2142, October.
    20. Endale Kebede, 2019. "The Relative Importance of Female Education on Fertility Desires in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multi-Level Analysis," VID Working Papers 1909, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
    21. Javier García-Manglano, 2015. "Opting Out and Leaning In: The Life Course Employment Profiles of Early Baby Boom Women in the United States," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(6), pages 1961-1993, December.
    22. Doris Hanappi & Valérie-Anne Ryser & Laura Bernardi & Jean-Marie Le Goff, 2017. "Changes in Employment Uncertainty and the Fertility Intention–Realization Link: An Analysis Based on the Swiss Household Panel," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 381-407, July.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:5:y:2021:i:11:p:529-533. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Dr. Pawan Verma (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.