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La construction institutionnelle de la concurrence. Le cas du marché de la viande à Paris au XIXe siècle

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  • Stanziani, Alessandro

Abstract

In Paris, the market of the meat, as under the Old Regime, is regulated up through 1858. Throughout this length of time, regulatory norms coexist with an extremely liberal contract law. On the contrary, between 1858 and 1914, liberalization of prices and free entry on the market go along with the introduction of serious constraints on contractual will. This is to say that state policies and governance include micro (contracts rules) as well as macroeconomic rules. The legal qualification of public action is fundamental as it fixes the procedures of rules enforcement and, thus, economic actors’ legal-economic opportunities and behaviors. This interaction between rules and;the market is particularly clear in the process of products qualification; if commercial customs integrate legal provisions, at the same time they cannot be evoked and enforced out of an explicit reference in official rules. The question consists in understanding the relative place of formal rules and conventions. These considerations lead the author to raise doubts on the traditional chronological as well as logical opposition between free market and regulation. The paper will argue that economic standards and rules are neither in opposition (neo-classical argument), nor complementary (neo-institutionnalist approach) to the market, but they are constitutive of it. A Paris, le marché de la viande, strictement réglementé sous l’Ancien Régime, demeure tel jusqu’en 1858. Tout au long de cette période, les règlements coexistent avec un droit des contrats extrêmement libéral ; au contraire, entre 1858 et 1914, la libéralisation des prix et la libre entrée sur le marché s’accompagnent de contraintes importantes à la libre volonté contractuelle. C’est dire que l’action publique se compose d’instruments micro (la discipline de contrats) et de règlements macroéconomiques qui, eux, relèvent plutôt du droit administratif. Cette qualification juridique de l’action publique en économie est importante, car elle conditionne les modalités d’application des normes et, par ce biais, les opportunités et les comportements des acteurs. Cette interaction entre normes et marchés s’exprime en particulier dans le processus de qualification des produits ; si les usages du commerce complètent les règles de droit, en même temps, ils ne sauraient être mobilisés en dehors de ces dernières. La question consiste à comprendre de quelle manière règles formelles et conventions interviennent dans ce processus. Ces éléments réunis conduisent à remettre en discussion l’opposition traditionnelle, aussi bien chronologique que fonctionnelle, entre libre marché et réglementation. Les normes économiques ne sont ni en opposition (thèse néoclassique) ni complémentaires (argument néo-institutionnaliste) au marché ; elles sont constitutives de ce dernier.

Suggested Citation

  • Stanziani, Alessandro, 2005. "La construction institutionnelle de la concurrence. Le cas du marché de la viande à Paris au XIXe siècle," Cahiers d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales (CESR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 74.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:inrace:201815
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.201815
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. François Eymard-Duvernay, 1989. "Conventions de qualité et formes de coordination," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 40(2), pages 329-360.
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