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The Educational Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction during the Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Dan Goldhaber
  • Thomas J. Kane
  • Andrew McEachin
  • Emily Morton
  • Tyler Patterson
  • Douglas O. Staiger

Abstract

Using testing data from over two million students in nearly 10,000 schools in 49 states (plus the District of Columbia), we investigate the role of remote and hybrid instruction in widening gaps in achievement by race and school poverty. We find that remote instruction was a primary driver of the widening gaps. Math gaps did not widen in areas that remained in person (although reading gaps did). We estimate that high-poverty districts that went remote in 2020–2021 will need to spend nearly all of their federal aid on helping students recover from pandemic-related academic achievement losses.

Suggested Citation

  • Dan Goldhaber & Thomas J. Kane & Andrew McEachin & Emily Morton & Tyler Patterson & Douglas O. Staiger, 2023. "The Educational Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction during the Pandemic," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 5(3), pages 377-392, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:aea:aerins:v:5:y:2023:i:3:p:377-92
    DOI: 10.1257/aeri.20220180
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Charlene Marie Kalenkoski & Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, 2025. "Teen social interactions and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 357-404, March.
    2. Patrinos, Harry Anthony & Jakubowski, Maciej & Gajderowicz, Tomasz, 2025. "The Learning Crisis in the United States Three Years After Covid-19," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1574, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    3. Rakesh Banerjee & Tushar Bharati, 2025. "Learning Disruptions and Academic Outcomes," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 25-01, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
    4. Alderighi, Lorenzo & Ballatore, Rosario M. & Tonello, Marco, 2023. "Hidden drop-out: Secondary education (unseen) failure in pandemic times," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1293, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    5. Jakubowski,Maciej Jan & Gajderowicz,Tomasz Janusz & Patrinos,Harry Anthony, 2024. "COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes : New Global Evidence from PISA," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10666, The World Bank.
    6. Janzen, Sarah & Magnan, Nicholas & Mullally, Conner & Sharma, Shruti & Shrestha, Bhola, 2025. "Going the distance: Hybrid vocational training for women in Nepal," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H75 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

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