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Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs in Germany: Characteristics and Earnings Differentials

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Author Info
Block, Joern
Wagner, Marcus

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Abstract

Our paper uses data from the German Socio Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) to analyze how necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs differ in kind and in earnings and what the determinants of the latter are. We estimate probit and random effects panel data models in order to address these questions. We find that the two types of entrepreneurs differ as concerns age, gender and other characteristics, but not with regard to education levels. Furthermore, opportunity entrepreneurs earn significantly more in our sample and the determinants of earnings levels differ to some degree. We conclude that our findings indicate a need to distinguish between the two groups in entrepreneurship policy-making. The results also show that commonly used specifications of earnings equations in labour economics seem to work better for opportunity than for necessity entrepreneurs.

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Publisher Info
Paper provided by University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number 610.

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Date of creation: 01 Apr 2006
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Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:610

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Related research
Keywords: opportunity entrepreneurship; necessity entrepreneurship; earnings equation; wage equation; entrepreneurship; Germany; GSOEP;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
J23 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Demand

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Joachim Wagner, 2005. "Nascent Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs in Germany. Evidence from the Regional Entrepreneurship Monitor (REM)," Labor and Demography 0506004, EconWPA. [Downloadable!]
  2. David Keeble & Sheila Walker, 1994. "New Firms, Small Firms and Dead Firms: Spatial Patterns and Determinants in the United Kingdom," Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 28(4), pages 411-427, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Reize, Frank, 2000. "Leaving unemployment for self-employment : a discrete duration analysis of determinants and stability of self-employment among former unemployed," ZEW Discussion Papers 00-26, ZEW - Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung / Center for European Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  4. Wagner, Joachim & Sternberg, Rolf, 2002. "Personal and Regional Determinants of Entrepreneurial Activities: Empirical Evidence from the REM Germany," IZA Discussion Papers 624, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  5. Brown, Sarah & Sessions, John G, 1998. "Education, Employment Status and Earnings: A Comparative Test of the Strong Screening Hypothesis," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 45(5), pages 586-91, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Bruno Frey & Matthias Benz, 2003. "Being Independent is a Great Thing: Subjective Evaluations of Self-Employment and Hierarchy," CESifo Working Paper Series CESifo Working Paper No. , CESifo Group Munich. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  7. Devine, Theresa J. & Kiefer, Nicholas M., 1993. "The empirical status of job search theory," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 3-24, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Strauch, Rolf & von Hagen, Jürgen, 2000. "East Germany: Transition With Unification - Experiments and Experiences," CEPR Discussion Papers 2386, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Paul Reynolds & David Storey & Paul Westhead, 1994. "Cross-national Comparisons of the Variation in New Firm Formation Rates," Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 28(4), pages 443-456, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Evans, David S & Leighton, Linda S, 1989. "Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(3), pages 519-35, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Zoltán Ács & Attila Varga, 2005. "Entrepreneurship, Agglomeration and Technological Change," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 323-334, 02. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  12. Pfeiffer, Friedhelm & Reize, Frank, 2000. "Business start-ups by the unemployed -- an econometric analysis based on firm data," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(5), pages 629-663, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Barton H. Hamilton, 2000. "Does Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns to Self-Employment," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 108(3), pages 604-631, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Justin van der Sluis & Mirjam van Praag & Arjen van Witteloostuijn, 2007. "Why Are the Returns to Education Higher for Entrepreneurs than for Employees?," IZA Discussion Papers 3058, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
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Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Block, Joern & Sandner, Philipp, 2006. "The Effect of Motivation on Self-Employment Duration in Germany: Necessity versus Opportunity Entrepreneurs," MPRA Paper 215, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  2. G. Bünstorf, 2007. "Opportunity Spin-offs and Necessity Spin-offs," Papers on Economics and Evolution 2007-18, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Evolutionary Economics Group. [Downloadable!]
  3. Block, Joern & Sandner, Philipp & Spiegel, Frank, 2009. "Do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs?," MPRA Paper 17587, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  4. Chad Moutray, 2008. "Educational Attainment and Other Characteristics of the Self-Employed: An Examination using Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics," The Office of Advocacy Small Business Working Papers 07cm, U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy. [Downloadable!]
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