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Optimal Wage Indexation, Foreign-Exchange Intervention and Monetary Policy

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Author Info
Joshua Aizenman
Jacob A. Frenkel

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Abstract

This paper deals with the design of optimal monetary policy and with the interaction between the optimal degrees of wage indexation and foreign exchange intervention. The model is governed by the characteristics of the stochastic shocks which affect the economy and by the information set that individuals possess. Because of cost of negotiations, nominal wages are assumed to be precontracted and wage adjustments follow a simple indexation rule that links wage changes to observed changes in price. The use of the price level as the only indicator for wage adjustments may not permit an efficient use of available information and, may result in welfare loss. The analysis specifies the optimal set of feedback rules that should govern policy aiming at the minimization of the welfare loss. These feedback rules determine the optimal response of monetary policy to changes in exchange rates, interest rates and foreign prices. The adoption of the optimal set of feedback rules results in the complete elimination of the welfare cost arising from the simple indexation rule and from the existence of nominal contracts. Since optimal policies succeed in the elimination of the distortions, issues concerning the nature of contracts and the implications of specific assumptions about disequilibrium positions become inconsequential. The analysis then proceeds to examine the interdependence between the optimal feedback rules and the optimal degree of wage indexation. It is shown that a rise in the degree of exchange rate flexibility raises the optimal degree of wage indexation. One of the key conclusions is the proposition that the number of independent feedback rules that govern a policy must equal the number of independent sources of information that influence the determination of the undistorted equilibrium. Thus, it is shown that with a sufficient number of feedback rules for monetary policy there may be no need to introduce wage indexation. It is also shown that an economy that is not able to choose freely an exchange rate regime can still eliminate the welfare loss by supplementing the(constrained) monetary policy with an optimal rule for wage indexation. The paper concludes with an examination of the consequences of departures from optimal policy by comparing the welfare loss resulting from the imposition of alternative constraints on the degree of wage indexation, on foreign exchange intervention and on the magnitudes of other policy feedback coefficients.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 1329.

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Date of creation: Sep 1985
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Publication status: published as Aizenman, Joshua and Jacob A. Frenkel. "Optimal Wage Indexation, Foreign Exchange Intervention and Monetary Policy." American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 3, (June 1985), pp. 402-423.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:1329

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Calvo, Guillermo A, 1979. "On Models of Money and Perfect Foresight," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 20(1), pages 83-103, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Joshua Aizenman, 1986. "Wage Flexibility and Openness," NBER Working Papers 1108, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  3. Gray, Jo Anna, 1976. "Wage indexation: A macroeconomic approach," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(2), pages 221-235, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Frenkel, Jacob A. & Aizenman, Joshua, 1982. "Aspects of the optimal management of exchange rates," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(3-4), pages 231-256, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Azariadis, Costas, 1978. "Escalator clauses and the allocation of cyclical risks," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 119-155, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Canzoneri, Matthew B & Henderson, Dale W & Rogoff, Kenneth S, 1983. "The Information Content of the Interest Rate and Optimal Monetary Policy," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 98(4), pages 545-66, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  7. Bhandari, Jagdeep S., 1982. "Staggered wage setting and exchange rate policy in an economy with capital assets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 275-292, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Karni, Edi, 1983. "On Optimal Wage Indexation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 91(2), pages 282-92, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Richard C. Marston, 1982. "Wages, Relative Prices, and the Choice between Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates," NBER Working Papers 0793, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Richard C. Marston, 1982. "Wages, Relative Prices and the Choice between Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 15(1), pages 87-103, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Harberger, Arnold C, 1971. "Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics: An Interpretive Essay," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 9(3), pages 785-97, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Barro, Robert J., 1977. "Long-term contracting, sticky prices, and monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(3), pages 305-316, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. Frenkel, Jacob A. & Razin, Assaf, 1980. "Stochastic prices and tests of efficiency of foreign exchange markets," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 6(2), pages 165-170. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Cukierman, Alex, 1980. "The effects of wage indexation on macroeconomic fluctuations : A generalization," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(2), pages 147-170, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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Cited by:
(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Robert P. Flood & Robert J. Hodrick, 1986. "Money and the Open Economy Business Cycle: A Flexible Price Model," NBER Working Papers 1967, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. BEN ALI Mohamed Sami, 2006. "Capital Account Liberalization And Exchange Rate Regime Choice, What Scope For Flexibility In Tunisia?," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp815, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan Stephen M. Ross Business School. [Downloadable!]
  3. Joshua Aizenman & Jacob A. Frenkel, 1989. "Sectorial Wages and the Real Exchange Rate," NBER Working Papers 1801, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  4. Agnes Benassy-Quere & Benoit Cœure, 2002. "The Survival of Intermediate Exchange Rate Regimes," Working Papers 2002-07, CEPII research center. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  5. Stephen J. Turnovsky & Vasco d'Orey, 1989. "The Choice of Monetary Instrument in Two Interdependent Economies Under Uncertainty," NBER Working Papers 2604, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  6. Luis Felipe Cespedes & Roberto Chang & Andres Velasco, 2000. "Balance Sheets and Exchange Rate Policy," NBER Working Papers 7840, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. Keith Pilbeam, 2004. "The stabilization properties of fixed and floating exchange rate regimes," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 9(2), pages 113-123. [Downloadable!]
  8. Joshua Aizenman & Jacob A. Frenkel, 1986. "Supply Shocks, Wage Indexation and Monetary Accommodation," NBER Working Papers 1609, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  9. Michael B. Devereux & Charles Engel, 1999. "The Optimal Choice of Exchange-Rate Regime: Price-Setting Rules and Internationalized Production," NBER Working Papers 6992, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  10. Benjamin M. Friedman, 1991. "Targets and Instruments of Monetary Policy," NBER Working Papers 2668, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Joshua Aizenman & Ricardo Hausmann, 2000. "Exchange Rate Regimes and Financial-Market Imperfections," NBER Working Papers 7738, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Charles Engel, 2000. "Optimal Exchange Rate Policy:The Influence of Price-Setting and Asset Markets," Discussion Papers in Economics at the University of Washington 0020, Department of Economics at the University of Washington. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  13. Michael B. Devereux & Charles Engel, 1998. "Fixed vs. Floating Exchange Rates: How Price Setting Affects the Optimal Choice of Exchange-Rate Regime," NBER Working Papers 6867, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  14. Stephen J. Turnovsky, 1988. "Supply Shocks and Optimal Monetary Policy," NBER Working Papers 1988, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  15. Kirsanova, Tatiana & Stehn, Sven Jari & Vines, David, 2006. "Five-Equation Macroeconomics: A Simple View of the Interactions Between Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy," CEPR Discussion Papers 5464, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Oscar Landerretche & Fernado Lefort & Rodrigo Valdés, 1998. "Causas y Consecuencias de la Indización: Una Revisión de la Literatura," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 30, Central Bank of Chile. [Downloadable!]
  17. Carol L. Osler, 1988. "Terms of Trade and the Transmission of Output Shocks in a Rational Expectations Model," NBER Working Papers 2681, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  18. Robert P. Flood & Robert J. Hodrick, 1985. "Real Aspects of Exchange Rate Regime Choice with Collapsing Fixed Rates," NBER Working Papers 1603, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  19. Titiana Kirsanova & David Vines & Mathan Satchi & Simon Wren-Lewis, 2005. "Inflation Persistence, Fiscal Constraints and Non-cooperative Authorities Stabilization Policy in a Monetary Union," Money Macro and Finance (MMF) Research Group Conference 2005 17, Money Macro and Finance Research Group. [Downloadable!]
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