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Essai d'une nouvelle représentation macroéconomique du marché du travail

Author

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  • Adama Zerbo

    (GED, Université de Bordeaux)

Abstract

Fondé sur la Théorie générale de la firme, ce papier a développé une nouvelle représentation du marché du travail qui permet de tirer cinq principaux enseignements. Premièrement, résultat de négociations entre les employeurs et les salariés, l’équilibre du marché du travail ne se caractérise pas par l’égalité entre l’offre et la demande de travail, mais plutôt par la « satisfaction » réciproque des deux parties. En effet, à l’équilibre, d’une part, les désirs respectifs de gagner un centime supplémentaire sur le profit brut réel et sur le salaire réel sont égaux et, d’autre part, le niveau d’effort au travail correspond au niveau accepté par chacune des parties, au regard du salaire réel versé. Deuxièmement, la demande de travail est croissante avec les profits bruts réels. De ce fait, l’équilibre de sous-emploi est bien possible dans une économie et, cela, pour deux principales raisons : (i) les entreprises ne réalisent pas assez de profits réels permettant d’accroitre leur demande de travail, à cause notamment d’une insuffisance de demande globale rentable et/ou de l’existence de fortes rigidités sur le marché du travail ; (ii) les entreprises réalisent des profits réels élevés, mais le marché du travail est trop flexible de sorte que la dynamique économique est très peu favorable à la création d’emplois et/ou les capacités de production des entreprises sont relativement limitées par rapport à l’offre de travail. Troisièmement, il résulte donc qu’un dosage judicieux de la flexibilité et de la sécurité du marché du travail, à savoir la flexisécurité, s’avère nécessaire afin que la croissance économique génère à la fois suffisamment d’emplois et de profits. Quatrièmement, l’arbitrage entre le chômage et l’inflation s’impose dans le court terme et le taux de sacrifice d’une désinflation dépend, entre autres, du degré de flexibilité du marché du travail. Cinquièmement, même si une désinflation a toujours un coût en termes de variation du taux de chômage dans le court terme, une baisse du taux de chômage peut bien être observée au cours d’un épisode de désinflation. Based on the general theory of firm, this paper has developed a new macroeconomic representation of labor market that allows five main lessons to be learnt. First, as an outcome of negotiations between employers and employees, the equilibrium of labor market is not characterized by equality between supply and demand of labor, but rather by mutual "satisfaction" of both stakeholders. In fact, in the equilibrium, on the one hand, the respective desires to earn an extra cent on real gross profit and on real wage are equal and, on the other hand, the level of effort at work corresponds to the one agreed by each stakeholder in relation to the real wage. Secondly, labor demand is growing with real gross profits. As a result, underemployment equilibrium is possible in an economy for two main reasons: (i) firms do not realize enough real profits to increase their labor demand, mainly because of the lack of profitable global demand and/or the existence of strong rigidities in labor market; (ii) firms realize high real profits, but labor market is so much flexible that the economic dynamic is very unfavorable to job creation and/or production capacities of firms are relatively small compared to labor supply. Thirdly, as a result, a judicious mix of flexibility and security on labor market, namely flexicurity, is needed to ensure that economic growth generates both jobs and profits. Fourthly, the trade-off between unemployment and inflation compulsorily sets in the short term, and the sacrifice rate of disinflation depends, among other things, on the degree of labor market flexibility. Lastly, even if a disinflation still has a cost in terms of the change in the unemployment rate in the short run, a decrease of the unemployment rate may be observed during a disinflation period.(Full text in french)

Suggested Citation

  • Adama Zerbo, 2018. "Essai d'une nouvelle représentation macroéconomique du marché du travail," Documents de travail 178, Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV.
  • Handle: RePEc:mon:ceddtr:178
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Adama Zerbo, 2018. "Evidences empiriques sur la formation de l'équilibre du marché du travail : cas des pays de l'OCDE," Documents de travail 179, Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV.

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    JEL classification:

    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

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