Inequalities of Sectors CO 2 emissions in China, USA and France, 2010-2050

In the context of global warming, academic institutes, international institutions such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and governments of numerous countries have proposed global objectives of reducing CO 2 emissions and announced national targets. The purposes of this article are: i) to assess the governmental targets in comparing with the global objectives of various allocation methods, which correspond to different carbon equity principles; ii) to propose technology roadmaps in terms of carbon equity in the energy sectors, under the consideration of the international convergence of technologies in the energy transition period up to 2050. In order to evaluate the technology roadmaps, a Sectoral Emission Model is proposed that covers the sectors responsible for the greatest part of CO 2 emissions (power, transport, residence and industry sector) in studying the impacts of the principle energy technologies (energy mix, electric vehicles and energy efficiency). In the article, the technology roadmaps for the governmental targets on CO 2 emissions are studied for three typical countries: China, France, and the United States. Our results show that under the sectoral carbon equity consideration, coal combustion is projected to be reduced by two thirds in China, and it will have to be almost eliminated in the United States to achieve their CO 2 reduction target. But gas is encouraged to be used in the power sector, especially in the United States. Regarding the transport sector, more than 60% of vehicles should be replaced to electric vehicles in China, and this share will be about up to 90% in France and the United States.