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Les déficits publics en Europe

Author

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  • Jérôme Creel
  • Henri Sterdyniak

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

Abstract

Les pays européens ont connu ces dernières années la conjonction de taux d'intérêt élevés relativement au taux de croissance et de déficits publics importants, ce qui a entraîné une dérive du poids de la dette publique. Le présent document vise à décrire et à expliquer cette évolution. La première partie construit et discute plusieurs indicateurs de l'orientation de la politique budgétaire ; elle montre que, durant la période récente, la politique budgétaire n'a guère été expansionniste ; la croissance de la dette s'explique par le fort niveau des taux d'intérêt réels et les besoins de stabilisation de l'économie. La discussion de la notion de soutenabilité de la politique budgétaire met en lumière les ambiguïtés de cette notion et les risques de son utilisation. La distinction pertinente est celle entre les déficits de régulation, nécessaires à des fins de régulation, et les déficits autonomes, nuisibles à l'accumulation du capital. L 'article présente ensuite les deux thèses opposées : selon la vision néo-classique, ce sont les déficits publics eux-mêmes qui sont responsables du niveau des taux d'intérêt, de sorte que leur réduction devrait faire baisser les taux d'intérêt, sans coût pour le niveau d'activité, et devrait permettre à moyen terme d'impulser l'accumulation du capital, donc la croissance ; selon la vision key- nésienne, les déficits publics sont nécessaires pour soutenir l'activité, en situation de taux d'intérêt réels élevés imposés par la désinflation et la dérégulation financière. Dans cette optique, plusieurs modèles peuvent expliquer la coexistence d'un fort déficit public et d'un taux d'intérêt réel élevé : l'indépendance de la Banque centrale, la non-coordination des politiques économiques en change flexible, les contraintes qui pèsent sur les pays dominés en change fixe, les modifications du fonctionnement de la sphère financière. Enfin, un modèle à comportements patrimoniaux discute des conséquences sur les ménages et les entreprises de la hausse des taux d'intérêt et analyse la politique économique nécessaire : la hausse de la dette publique apparaît nécessaire pour soutenir à la fois la demande et l'accumulation du capital. La thèse selon laquelle la hausse des déficits et des dettes publics serait la cause essentielle du niveau élevé des taux d'intérêt réels n'a pas de sens dans la situation de demande insuffisante qu'a connue l'Europe depuis 1981. Cette hausse est apparue nécessaire pour soutenir l'activité et l'accumulation du capital, dans une situation où les Etats avaient perdu la maîtrise des taux d'intérêt. Retrouver cette maîtrise est l'enjeu crucial pour diminuer les taux d'intérêt réels, relancer la croissance, et donc réduire les dettes publiques. Les critères de finances publiques figurant dans le Traité de Maastricht ne sont pas à la hauteur du problème.

Suggested Citation

  • Jérôme Creel & Henri Sterdyniak, 1995. "Les déficits publics en Europe," Post-Print hal-03458224, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03458224
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1995.1401
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03458224
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