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Decomposing Supply and Demand Driven Inflation

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Abstract

The extent to which either supply or demand factors drive inflation has important implications for economic policy. I propose a framework to decompose inflation into supply- and demand-driven components. I generate two new data series, the supply and demand-driven contributions to personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation, which quantify the degree to which either demand or supply is driving inflation in a current month. The series show expected time-series patterns. The demand-driven contribution tends to decline during recessions, while the supply-driven contribution tends to follow food and energy prices. Monetary policy tightening acts to reduce the demand-driven contribution of inflation. Oil-supply shocks act to increase the supply driven contribution, but decrease the demand-driven contribution of inflation. The decompositions can be used to test theory or by policymakers and practitioners to track inflation drivers in real time.

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  • Adam Hale Shapiro, 2022. "Decomposing Supply and Demand Driven Inflation," Working Paper Series 2022-18, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedfwp:94836
    DOI: 10.24148/wp2022-18
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    Cited by:

    1. Clodomiro Ferreira & Stefano Pica, 2024. "Household perceptions of the sources of business cycle fluctuations: a tale of supply and demand," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1441, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    2. Chang, Jui-Chuan Della & Jansen, Dennis W. & Pagliacci, Carolina, 2023. "Inflation and real GDP growth in the U.S.—Demand or supply driven?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    3. Wildauer, Rafael & Kohler, Karsten & Aboobaker, Adam & Guschanski, Alexander, 2023. "Energy price shocks, conflict inflation, and income distribution in a three-sector model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    4. Galstyan, Vahagn, 2023. "Understanding the Joint Dynamics of Inflation and Wage Growth in the Euro Area," Research Technical Papers 11/RT/23, Central Bank of Ireland.
    5. Colunga L. Fernando & Torre Cepeda Leonardo, 2023. "Effects of Supply, Demand, and Labor Market Shocks in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector," Working Papers 2023-10, Banco de México.

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    supply and demand; inflation; decomposition;
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