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Impact of Urbanization on the Hydrology of Ganga Basin (India)

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  • Anil Misra

Abstract

Large scale emigrations from rural areas to urban areas and population growth have been uninterrupted and accelerating phenomena in parts of Ganga basin, where urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate. Urban agglomeration is causing radical changes in groundwater recharge and modifying the existing mechanisms. Majority of the cities are sited on unconfined or semi confined aquifers depend upon river water and groundwater for most of their water supply and disposal of most of their liquid effluents and solid residues to the rivers and ground. There has also been an inevitable rise in waste production. Drainage of surface water has been disrupted as the small natural channels and low lying areas have been in filled, often with municipal waste. Total water potential of the Ganga basin including surface water potential and ground water potential is around 525.02 km 3 and 170.00 km 3 respectively. Basin supports approximately 42% of the total population in India. Water tables are declining at approximately an average of 0.20 m per year in many parts of the basin and there is a trend of deteriorating groundwater quality. The demand of water has been increased many folds and most of the areas are highly reliant upon the groundwater to meet this increasing demand for water, but unfortunately degradation of groundwater both in terms of quantity and quality has deteriorated the situation. Studies shows that change in climate may increase temperature by 2 to 6°C and can reduce precipitation up to 16%, which could reduce the groundwater recharge by 50%. In densely populated Ganga basin urban drainage consumes a high proportion of the investments into urban infrastructure and needs integrated approach for the sustainable development of water management, water education regarding conservation and pollution caused by urbanization. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

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  • Anil Misra, 2011. "Impact of Urbanization on the Hydrology of Ganga Basin (India)," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 25(2), pages 705-719, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:waterr:v:25:y:2011:i:2:p:705-719
    DOI: 10.1007/s11269-010-9722-9
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    1. Anil Misra, 2013. "Climate change impact, mitigation and adaptation strategies for agricultural and water resources, in Ganga Plain (India)," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 18(5), pages 673-689, June.
    2. Shawei He & Keith Hipel & D. Kilgour, 2014. "Water Diversion Conflicts in China: A Hierarchical Perspective," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 28(7), pages 1823-1837, May.
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    4. Daniela Ducci & Mariangela Sellerino, 2015. "Groundwater Mass Balance in Urbanized Areas Estimated by a Groundwater Flow Model Based on a 3D Hydrostratigraphical Model: the Case Study of the Eastern Plain of Naples (Italy)," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 29(12), pages 4319-4333, September.
    5. B. Sarma & A. Sarma & V. Singh, 2013. "Optimal Ecological Management Practices (EMPs) for Minimizing the Impact of Climate Change and Watershed Degradation Due to Urbanization," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(11), pages 4069-4082, September.
    6. Urvashi Sharma & Adeeba Khan & Venkatesh Dutta, 2021. "Long-term sustainability of groundwater resources in the central Ganga Alluvial Plain, India: Study from Gomti River Basin," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(11), pages 16015-16037, November.
    7. Tewodros Assefa Nigussie & Abdusselam Altunkaynak, 2016. "Assessing the Hydrological Response of Ayamama Watershed from Urbanization Predicted under Various Landuse Policy Scenarios," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 30(10), pages 3427-3441, August.
    8. O. Barron & M. Donn & A. Barr, 2013. "Urbanisation and Shallow Groundwater: Predicting Changes in Catchment Hydrological Responses," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(1), pages 95-115, January.
    9. Tewodros Assefa Nigussie & Abdusselam Altunkaynak, 2019. "Modeling the effect of urbanization on flood risk in Ayamama Watershed, Istanbul, Turkey, using the MIKE 21 FM model," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 99(2), pages 1031-1047, November.
    10. Shouhong Zhang & Yiping Guo, 2014. "Stormwater Capture Efficiency of Bioretention Systems," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 28(1), pages 149-168, January.
    11. Zikun Xing & Lloyd H. C. Chua & Haiyan Miao & Jörg Imberger & Peipei Yang, 2018. "Wind Shielding Impacts on Water Quality in an Urban Reservoir," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(11), pages 3549-3561, September.
    12. Hao-Che Ho & Hong-Yuan Lee & Yao-Jung Tsai & Yuan-Shun Chang, 2022. "Numerical Experiments on Low Impact Development for Urban Resilience Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-19, July.
    13. Swatantra Kumar Dubey & JungJin Kim & Younggu Her & Devesh Sharma & Hanseok Jeong, 2023. "Hydroclimatic Impact Assessment Using the SWAT Model in India—State of the Art Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-40, November.
    14. Chang Liu & Emily S. Minor & Megan B. Garfinkel & Bo Mu & Guohang Tian, 2021. "Anthropogenic and Climatic Factors Differentially Affect Waterbody Area and Connectivity in an Urbanizing Landscape: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-23, October.
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