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Patterns of Metropolitan Development: What Have We Learned?

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  • Gregory K. Ingram

    (Research Advisory Staff, The World Bank, Room N-7-043, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, gingram@worldbank.org)

Abstract

Urban development patterns in both industrial and developing countries with market-oriented economies show strong regularities consistent with basic urban location theory. Large metropolitan areas are converging to similarly decentralised structures with multiple sub-centres, decentralised manufacturing and more centralised service employment. Decentralisation is increasing the reliance on road-based urban transport for both passengers and freight. Land markets are strong determinants of decentralisation, and the development patterns of cities without land markets differ greatly from cities with even poorly functioning land markets. Demand patterns in urban housing are similar across cities, but supply-side impediments vary widely, resulting in a wide range of the ratio of housing prices to income. The efficiency of public infrastructure provision also varies widely across cities and across sectors within cities. Large metropolitan areas in low-income countries will continue to grow as these countries urbanise.

Suggested Citation

  • Gregory K. Ingram, 1998. "Patterns of Metropolitan Development: What Have We Learned?," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 35(7), pages 1019-1035, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:35:y:1998:i:7:p:1019-1035
    DOI: 10.1080/0042098984466
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Malpezzi, Stephen, 2001. "The Contributions of Stephen K. Mayo to Housing and Urban Economics," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 72-108, June.
    3. Mario Polèse & Richard Shearmur, 2006. "Growth and Location of Economic Activity: The Spatial Dynamics of Industries in Canada 1971–2001," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(3), pages 362-395, September.
    4. Wang, Shenhao & Zhao, Jinhua, 2018. "Divergent Trajectories of Urban Development in 287 Chinese Cities," OSF Preprints cvjnx, Center for Open Science.
    5. Myung‐Jin Jun, 2009. "Economic Impacts Of Seoul'S Job Decentralization: A Metropolitan Input–Output Analysis," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(2), pages 311-327, May.
    6. Pia Nilsson, 2017. "Are valuations of place-based amenities driven by scale?," Housing Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(4), pages 449-469, May.
    7. Shenhao Wang & Qingyi Wang & Jinhua Zhao, 2019. "Multitask Learning Deep Neural Networks to Combine Revealed and Stated Preference Data," Papers 1901.00227, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2019.
    8. Medda, F. & Nijkamp, P. & Rietveld, P., 2009. "Dynamic effects of external and private transport costs on urban shape: a morphogenetic perspective," Serie Research Memoranda 0038, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics.
    9. Stephen Malpezzi, 2000. "Tales from the Real Side: The Implications of Urban Research for Real Estate Finance in Developing and Transition Economies," Wisconsin-Madison CULER working papers 01-02, University of Wisconsin Center for Urban Land Economic Research.
    10. Alanne, Kari & Saari, Arto, 2006. "Distributed energy generation and sustainable development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 10(6), pages 539-558, December.
    11. Fernando Rubiera Morollón & Víctor M. González Marroquín & José L. Pérez Rivero, 2017. "Urban sprawl in Madrid?," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 205-214, July.
    12. Murakami, Jin, 2010. "The Transit-Oriented Global Centers for Competitiveness and Livability: State Strategies and Market Responses in Asia," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt19034785, University of California Transportation Center.
    13. Padam, Sudarsanam & Singh, Sanjay Kumar, 2004. "Urbanization and urban transport in India: the search for a policy," European Transport \ Trasporti Europei, ISTIEE, Institute for the Study of Transport within the European Economic Integration, issue 27, pages 26-44.
    14. Anas, Alex & Timilsina, Govinda R. & Zheng, Siqi, 2009. "An analysis of various policy instruments to reduce congestion, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in Beijing," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5068, The World Bank.
    15. Konstantin A. Kholodilin & Irina Krylova & Darya Kryutchenko, 2017. "Finding the Consumer Center of St. Petersburg?," HSE Working papers WP BRP 165/EC/2017, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
    16. Roy Gilbert, 2003. "Improving the Lives of the Poor Through Investment in Cities : An Update on the Performance of the World Bank's Urban Portfolio," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 15016, December.
    17. Ameye, H., 2018. "Secondary Towns The Nutritional Sweet Spot. A study of East Africa," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277211, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    18. Fay, Marianne & Opal, Charlotte, 2000. "Urbanization without growth : a not-so-uncommon phenomenon," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2412, The World Bank.
    19. Ingram, Gregory K. & Zhi Liu, 1999. "Determinants of motorization and road provision," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2042, The World Bank.

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