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Determinants of the university technology transfer policy-mix: a cross-national analysis of gap-funding instruments

Author

Listed:
  • Federico Munari

    (Università degli Studi di Bologna)

  • Einar Rasmussen

    (University of Nordland Business School)

  • Laura Toschi

    (Università degli Studi di Bologna)

  • Elisa Villani

    (Free University of Bolzano)

Abstract

University–industry technology transfer (TT) has become increasingly institutionalized and is supported by numerous reforms and initiatives at the national, regional and university levels. Most countries have implemented a policy mix involving a range of instruments to support the commercialization of research. Still, there is no systematic evidence indicating why the mix of policy instruments differs between countries. This study offers a novel cross-national investigation of the policy mix emphasizing the level of centralization and decentralization of policy instruments. We map and analyze two specific types of public instruments aimed at addressing the so-called funding gap in TT: proof of concept programs (POCs) and university-oriented seed funds (USFs). Based on a survey across 21 European countries, we find that such instruments are widely used but are organized differently depending on the level of implementation of TT practices in the country and the specific type of instrument considered. More precisely, we find a U-shaped relationship between the use of centralized gap-funding instruments and the country’s implementation of TT practices. Moreover, the type of gap-funding instrument (POC or USF) moderates this relationship. We discuss the implications of our findings and suggest that the policy mix of gap-funding instruments evolve with the maturity of the national TT infrastructure.

Suggested Citation

  • Federico Munari & Einar Rasmussen & Laura Toschi & Elisa Villani, 2016. "Determinants of the university technology transfer policy-mix: a cross-national analysis of gap-funding instruments," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 41(6), pages 1377-1405, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jtecht:v:41:y:2016:i:6:d:10.1007_s10961-015-9448-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s10961-015-9448-1
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    19. João Ricardo Faria & Peter F. Wanke & João J. Ferreira & Franklin G. Mixon, 2018. "Research and innovation in higher education: empirical evidence from research and patenting in Brazil," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 116(1), pages 487-504, July.
    20. Jaepil Han, 2020. "Identifying the effects of technology transfer policy using a quantile regression: the case of South Korea," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 45(6), pages 1690-1717, December.
    21. M. Mahdi Moeini Gharagozloo & Fatemeh Askarzadeh & Ali Moeini Gharagozloo, 2022. "More power for international entrepreneurs: the effect of digital readiness of economies on channeling national R&D resources to entrepreneurship," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 474-502, September.
    22. Fasano, Francesco & Rocca, Maurizio La & Cariola, Alfio & Passarelli, Mariacarmela, 2023. "Banking relationship and research spin-offs’ life cycle: The Italian experience," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Cross-country analysis; Gap-funding instruments; Policy mix; Proof of concept programs; Technology transfer university seed funds;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • M13 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - New Firms; Startups
    • O38 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Government Policy

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