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Modelling Sustainable Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Based on the EKC Hypothesis for Africa’s Ten Most Popular Tourist Destinations

Author

Listed:
  • Liton Chandra Voumik

    (Department of Economics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Hasanur Rahman

    (Department of Economics, Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib University, Jamalpur 2000, Bangladesh
    Department of Economics, Comilla University, Cumilla 3506, Bangladesh)

  • Shohel Md. Nafi

    (Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Akter Hossain

    (Department of Economics, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh)

  • Abdul Rahim Ridzuan

    (Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Melaka Campus, Alor Gajah 78000, Malaysia
    Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
    Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
    Centre for Economic Development and Policy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia)

  • Nora Yusma Mohamed Yusoff

    (Institute of Energy Policy and Research, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to examine how tourism, GDP, renewable energy, and fossil fuels cause environmental damage. This study examined ten African countries between 1997 and 2021 to test the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory. Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, Morocco, Tanzania, Tunisia, Mauritius, Ghana, Uganda, and Nigeria are the ten African countries with the most tourists. In this paper, the augmented mean group (AMG), mean group (MG), and common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) models were used to deal with slope heterogeneity (SH), cross-sectional dependence (CSD), and a mix of first-differenced and level stationary variables. Though the inverted U-shaped exists, the findings are significant only for MG. The impact of renewable energy is favorable for the environment and significant for the AMG estimator. Inversely, impact of tourist arrivals and fossil fuels are detrimental for environment and significant. Based on the findings for each country, the tourism-based EKC theory only works for Kenya, Egypt, and Tanzania. The research found that using more renewable energy minimizes CO 2 emissions more effectively in almost all countries except Morocco and Ghana. Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda’s CO 2 emissions increase when more tourists come from other countries. For the sake of both tourism and the environment, the government must reconsider its tourism policies and implement ones that include renewable energy. The findings of this study assist in the transition to clean energy, aiding in sustainable tourism growth. As a result, selected countries should develop a new tourism plan that focuses on renewable energy sources and protects the environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Liton Chandra Voumik & Md. Hasanur Rahman & Shohel Md. Nafi & Md. Akter Hossain & Abdul Rahim Ridzuan & Nora Yusma Mohamed Yusoff, 2023. "Modelling Sustainable Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Based on the EKC Hypothesis for Africa’s Ten Most Popular Tourist Destinations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-19, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:4029-:d:1077171
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    2. Liton Chandra Voumik & Shohel Md. Nafi & Festus Victor Bekun & Murat Ismet Haseki, 2023. "Modeling Energy, Education, Trade, and Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from the Middle East," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-18, March.

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