IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i21p12189-d672279.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review

Author

Listed:
  • Boud Verbrugge

    (MOBI Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Mohammed Mahedi Hasan

    (MOBI Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Haaris Rasool

    (MOBI Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Thomas Geury

    (MOBI Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Mohamed El Baghdadi

    (MOBI Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

  • Omar Hegazy

    (MOBI Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
    Flanders Make, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art related to the implementation of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities. In recent years, bus operators have started focusing on the electrification of their fleet to reduce the air pollutants in cities, which has led to a growing interest from the scientific community. This paper presents an analysis of the BEB powertrain topology and the charging technology of BEBs, with a particular emphasis on the power electronics systems. Moreover, the different key technical requirements to facilitate the operation of BEBs are addressed. Accordingly, an in-depth review on vehicle scheduling, charger location optimization and charging management strategies is carried out. The main findings concerning these research fields are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, potential challenges and required further developments are determined. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that an accurate energy consumption assessment of their BEBs is a must for bus operators, that real-time, multi-objective smart charging management strategies with V2X features should be included when performing large bus fleet scheduling and that synchronized opportunity charging, smart green depot charging, and electric bus rapid transit can further reduce the impact on the grid. This review paper should help to enable a smarter and more efficient integration of BEBs in cities in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:21:p:12189-:d:672279
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12189/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12189/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiaoli Sun & Zhengguo Li & Xiaolin Wang & Chengjiang Li, 2019. "Technology Development of Electric Vehicles: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-29, December.
    2. Ding, Huajie & Hu, Zechun & Song, Yonghua, 2015. "Value of the energy storage system in an electric bus fast charging station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 630-639.
    3. Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Nikos Avramis & Mikaela Ranta & Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-42, July.
    4. Sun, Longzhao & Ma, Dianguang & Tang, Houjun, 2018. "A review of recent trends in wireless power transfer technology and its applications in electric vehicle wireless charging," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 490-503.
    5. Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2020. "Comprehensive energy modeling methodology for battery electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    6. M. E. Kooten Niekerk & J. M. Akker & J. A. Hoogeveen, 2017. "Scheduling electric vehicles," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 155-176, July.
    7. Qin, Nan & Gusrialdi, Azwirman & Paul Brooker, R. & T-Raissi, Ali, 2016. "Numerical analysis of electric bus fast charging strategies for demand charge reduction," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 386-396.
    8. Yajing Gao & Shixiao Guo & Jiafeng Ren & Zheng Zhao & Ali Ehsan & Yanan Zheng, 2018. "An Electric Bus Power Consumption Model and Optimization of Charging Scheduling Concerning Multi-External Factors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, August.
    9. Rinaldi, Marco & Picarelli, Erika & D'Ariano, Andrea & Viti, Francesco, 2020. "Mixed-fleet single-terminal bus scheduling problem: Modelling, solution scheme and potential applications," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    10. Gao, Zhiming & Lin, Zhenhong & LaClair, Tim J. & Liu, Changzheng & Li, Jan-Mou & Birky, Alicia K. & Ward, Jacob, 2017. "Battery capacity and recharging needs for electric buses in city transit service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 588-600.
    11. Alwesabi, Yaseen & Liu, Zhaocai & Kwon, Soongeol & Wang, Yong, 2021. "A novel integration of scheduling and dynamic wireless charging planning models of battery electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    12. Rogge, Matthias & van der Hurk, Evelien & Larsen, Allan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2018. "Electric bus fleet size and mix problem with optimization of charging infrastructure," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 282-295.
    13. Wu, Xiaomei & Feng, Qijin & Bai, Chenchen & Lai, Chun Sing & Jia, Youwei & Lai, Loi Lei, 2021. "A novel fast-charging stations locational planning model for electric bus transit system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    14. He, Yi & Liu, Zhaocai & Song, Ziqi, 2020. "Optimal charging scheduling and management for a fast-charging battery electric bus system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    15. Wu, Z. & Guo, F. & Polak, J. & Strbac, G., 2019. "Evaluating grid-interactive electric bus operation and demand response with load management tariff," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    16. Sajib Chakraborty & Hai-Nam Vu & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Dai-Duong Tran & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2019. "DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging Stations: State of the Art and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-43, April.
    17. Wei, Ran & Liu, Xiaoyue & Ou, Yi & Kiavash Fayyaz, S., 2018. "Optimizing the spatio-temporal deployment of battery electric bus system," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 160-168.
    18. Adnane Houbbadi & Rochdi Trigui & Serge Pelissier & Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias & Tanguy Bouton, 2019. "Optimal Scheduling to Manage an Electric Bus Fleet Overnight Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    19. Deepak Ronanki & Apoorva Kelkar & Sheldon S. Williamson, 2019. "Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-17, September.
    20. Matthias Rogge & Sebastian Wollny & Dirk Uwe Sauer, 2015. "Fast Charging Battery Buses for the Electrification of Urban Public Transport—A Feasibility Study Focusing on Charging Infrastructure and Energy Storage Requirements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-20, May.
    21. Tzeng, Gwo-Hshiung & Lin, Cheng-Wei & Opricovic, Serafim, 2005. "Multi-criteria analysis of alternative-fuel buses for public transportation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 1373-1383, July.
    22. Mahmoud, Moataz & Garnett, Ryan & Ferguson, Mark & Kanaroglou, Pavlos, 2016. "Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 673-684.
    23. Gang Chen & Dawei Hu & Steven Chien & Lei Guo & Mingzheng Liu, 2020. "Optimizing Wireless Charging Locations for Battery Electric Bus Transit with a Genetic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-20, October.
    24. Gallet, Marc & Massier, Tobias & Hamacher, Thomas, 2018. "Estimation of the energy demand of electric buses based on real-world data for large-scale public transport networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 344-356.
    25. Bi, Zicheng & Song, Lingjun & De Kleine, Robert & Mi, Chunting Chris & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2015. "Plug-in vs. wireless charging: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an electric bus system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 11-19.
    26. Wang, Jing & Kang, Lixia & Liu, Yongzhong, 2020. "Optimal scheduling for electric bus fleets based on dynamic programming approach by considering battery capacity fade," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    27. Rubino, Luigi & Capasso, Clemente & Veneri, Ottorino, 2017. "Review on plug-in electric vehicle charging architectures integrated with distributed energy sources for sustainable mobility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 438-464.
    28. Rong-Ceng Leou & Jeng-Jiun Hung, 2017. "Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, April.
    29. Wang, Yusheng & Huang, Yongxi & Xu, Jiuping & Barclay, Nicole, 2017. "Optimal recharging scheduling for urban electric buses: A case study in Davis," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 115-132.
    30. Pearre, Nathaniel S. & Ribberink, Hajo, 2019. "Review of research on V2X technologies, strategies, and operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 61-70.
    31. Syed Muhammad Arif & Tek Tjing Lie & Boon Chong Seet & Syed Muhammad Ahsan & Hassan Abbas Khan, 2020. "Plug-In Electric Bus Depot Charging with PV and ESS and Their Impact on LV Feeder," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, April.
    32. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    33. David Hensher & Thomas Golob, 2008. "Bus rapid transit systems: a comparative assessment," Transportation, Springer, vol. 35(4), pages 501-518, July.
    34. Adrián Fernández-Rodríguez & Antonio Fernández-Cardador & Asunción P. Cucala & Maria Carmen Falvo, 2019. "Energy Efficiency and Integration of Urban Electrical Transport Systems: EVs and Metro-Trains of Two Real European Lines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mena ElMenshawy & Ahmed Massoud, 2022. "Medium-Voltage DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Bus Fast Charging Stations: State-of-the-Art Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Boud Verbrugge & Abdul Mannan Rauf & Haaris Rasool & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Real-Time Charging Scheduling and Optimization of Electric Buses in a Depot," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    3. Rodrigo Antonio Sbardeloto Kraemer & Paula Zenni Lodetti & Alisson Carlos da Silva & Beatriz Batista Cardoso & Ivangelo Vicente & Marcos Aurelio Izumida Martins & Adriano de Paula Simões & Newmar Spad, 2023. "Regulatory Challenges in the Electromobility Sector: An Analysis of Electric Buses in Brazil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-28, April.
    4. Boud Verbrugge & Haaris Rasool & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Sajib Chakraborty & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Reliability Assessment of SiC-Based Depot Charging Infrastructure with Smart and Bidirectional (V2X) Charging Strategies for Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Chen, Haoqian & Sui, Yi & Shang, Wen-long & Sun, Rencheng & Chen, Zhiheng & Wang, Changying & Han, Chunjia & Zhang, Yuqian & Zhang, Haoran, 2022. "Towards renewable public transport: Mining the performance of electric buses using solar-radiation as an auxiliary power source," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    6. Paulo J. G. Ribeiro & José F. G. Mendes, 2022. "Towards Zero CO 2 Emissions from Public Transport: The Pathway to the Decarbonization of the Portuguese Urban Bus Fleet," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-15, July.
    7. Dariusz Masłowski & Ewa Kulińska & Łukasz Krzewicki, 2023. "Alternative Methods of Replacing Electric Batteries in Public Transport Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-22, August.
    8. Haaris Rasool & Boud Verbrugge & Shahid Jaman & Ekaterina Abramushkina & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Control System for SiC Off-Board Chargers of Battery Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-19, February.
    9. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    10. Armel Asongu Nkembi & Paolo Cova & Emilio Sacchi & Emanuele Coraggioso & Nicola Delmonte, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of Power Converters for E-Mobility," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-28, February.
    11. Amra Jahic & Felix Heider & Maik Plenz & Detlef Schulz, 2022. "Flexibility Quantification and the Potential for Its Usage in the Case of Electric Bus Depots with Unidirectional Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kayhan Alamatsaz & Sadam Hussain & Chunyan Lai & Ursula Eicker, 2022. "Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-39, October.
    2. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    3. Gkiotsalitis, K. & Iliopoulou, C. & Kepaptsoglou, K., 2023. "An exact approach for the multi-depot electric bus scheduling problem with time windows," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(1), pages 189-206.
    4. Foda, Ahmed & Abdelaty, Hatem & Mohamed, Moataz & El-Saadany, Ehab, 2023. "A generic cost-utility-emission optimization for electric bus transit infrastructure planning and charging scheduling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    5. Dennis Dreier & Björn Rudin & Mark Howells, 2020. "Comparison of management strategies for the charging schedule and all-electric operation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 363-404, June.
    6. He, Yi & Liu, Zhaocai & Zhang, Yiming & Song, Ziqi, 2023. "Time-dependent electric bus and charging station deployment problem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    7. Perumal, Shyam S.G. & Lusby, Richard M. & Larsen, Jesper, 2022. "Electric bus planning & scheduling: A review of related problems and methodologies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(2), pages 395-413.
    8. Jean-Michel Clairand & Paulo Guerra-Terán & Xavier Serrano-Guerrero & Mario González-Rodríguez & Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, 2019. "Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-22, August.
    9. Feifeng Zheng & Zhaojie Wang & Ming Liu, 2022. "Overnight charging scheduling of battery electric buses with uncertain charging time," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 22(5), pages 4865-4903, November.
    10. Krzysztof Zagrajek & Józef Paska & Mariusz Kłos & Karol Pawlak & Piotr Marchel & Magdalena Bartecka & Łukasz Michalski & Paweł Terlikowski, 2020. "Impact of Electric Bus Charging on Distribution Substation and Local Grid in Warsaw," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-13, March.
    11. Lim, Lek Keng & Muis, Zarina Ab & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Bong, Cassendra Phun Chien, 2023. "Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    12. Yiming Bie & Mingjie Hao & Mengzhu Guo, 2021. "Optimal Electric Bus Scheduling Based on the Combination of All-Stop and Short-Turning Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-21, February.
    13. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    14. Brinkel, Nico & Zijlstra, Marle & van Bezu, Ronald & van Twuijver, Tim & Lampropoulos, Ioannis & van Sark, Wilfried, 2023. "A comparative analysis of charging strategies for battery electric buses in wholesale electricity and ancillary services markets," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    15. Zeng, Ziling & Wang, Shuaian & Qu, Xiaobo, 2022. "On the role of battery degradation in en-route charge scheduling for an electric bus system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    16. Zhou, Yu & Meng, Qiang & Ong, Ghim Ping, 2022. "Electric Bus Charging Scheduling for a Single Public Transport Route Considering Nonlinear Charging Profile and Battery Degradation Effect," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 49-75.
    17. Basma, Hussein & Haddad, Marc & Mansour, Charbel & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2022. "Evaluation of the techno-economic performance of battery electric buses: Case study of a bus line in paris," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    18. Papa, Gregor & Santo Zarnik, Marina & Vukašinović, Vida, 2022. "Electric-bus routes in hilly urban areas: Overview and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    19. Purnell, K. & Bruce, A.G. & MacGill, I., 2022. "Impacts of electrifying public transit on the electricity grid, from regional to state level analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    20. Hatem Abdelaty & Ahmed Foda & Moataz Mohamed, 2023. "The Robustness of Battery Electric Bus Transit Networks under Charging Infrastructure Disruptions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-25, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:21:p:12189-:d:672279. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.