IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i10p3639-d816722.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Flexibility Quantification and the Potential for Its Usage in the Case of Electric Bus Depots with Unidirectional Charging

Author

Listed:
  • Amra Jahic

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Felix Heider

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Maik Plenz

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Detlef Schulz

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany)

Abstract

One of the crucial steps for a successful integration of electric bus fleets into the existing electric power systems is the active and intelligent usage of their flexibility. This is important not only for reducing the eventual negative effects on the power grid but also for reducing energy and infrastructure costs. The first step in the optimal usage of flexibility is its quantification, which allows the maximum provision of flexibility without any negative effects for the fleet operation. This paper explores the available flexibility of large-scale electric bus fleets with a concept of centralized and unidirectional depot charging. An assessment of available positive and negative flexibility was conducted based on the data from two real bus depots in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The analysis shows the biggest flexibility potential was in the period from 16:00 h to 24:00 h, and the smallest one was in the periods from 08:00 h to 16:00 h, as well as from 02:00 h to 08:00 h. The paper also gives an overview of the possible markets for flexibility commercialization in Germany, which can provide an additional economic benefit for the fleet operators. A further analysis of the impact of parameters such as the timeline (working day or weekend), charging concept, ambient temperature, and electrical preconditioning provides an additional understanding of available flexibility.

Suggested Citation

  • Amra Jahic & Felix Heider & Maik Plenz & Detlef Schulz, 2022. "Flexibility Quantification and the Potential for Its Usage in the Case of Electric Bus Depots with Unidirectional Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:10:p:3639-:d:816722
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/10/3639/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/10/3639/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vincent Barthel & Jonas Schlund & Philipp Landes & Veronika Brandmeier & Marco Pruckner, 2021. "Analyzing the Charging Flexibility Potential of Different Electric Vehicle Fleets Using Real-World Charging Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-16, August.
    2. Wu, Z. & Guo, F. & Polak, J. & Strbac, G., 2019. "Evaluating grid-interactive electric bus operation and demand response with load management tariff," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    3. Felix Heider & Amra Jahic & Maik Plenz & Detlef Schulz, 2022. "Extended Residential Power Management Interface for Flexibility Communication and Uncertainty Reduction for Flexibility System Operators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    4. Adnane Houbbadi & Rochdi Trigui & Serge Pelissier & Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias & Tanguy Bouton, 2019. "Optimal Scheduling to Manage an Electric Bus Fleet Overnight Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    5. Perumal, Shyam S.G. & Lusby, Richard M. & Larsen, Jesper, 2022. "Electric bus planning & scheduling: A review of related problems and methodologies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(2), pages 395-413.
    6. Heilmann, Erik & Klempp, Nikolai & Wetzel, Heike, 2020. "Design of regional flexibility markets for electricity: A product classification framework for and application to German pilot projects," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    7. Krzysztof Zagrajek & Józef Paska & Mariusz Kłos & Karol Pawlak & Piotr Marchel & Magdalena Bartecka & Łukasz Michalski & Paweł Terlikowski, 2020. "Impact of Electric Bus Charging on Distribution Substation and Local Grid in Warsaw," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-13, March.
    8. Izabela Zoltowska & Jeremy Lin, 2021. "Optimal Charging Schedule Planning for Electric Buses Using Aggregated Day-Ahead Auction Bids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    9. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    10. Syed Muhammad Arif & Tek Tjing Lie & Boon Chong Seet & Syed Muhammad Ahsan & Hassan Abbas Khan, 2020. "Plug-In Electric Bus Depot Charging with PV and ESS and Their Impact on LV Feeder," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-16, April.
    11. Felix Guthoff & Nikolai Klempp & Kai Hufendiek, 2021. "Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kayhan Alamatsaz & Sadam Hussain & Chunyan Lai & Ursula Eicker, 2022. "Electric Bus Scheduling and Timetabling, Fast Charging Infrastructure Planning, and Their Impact on the Grid: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-39, October.
    2. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    3. Mena ElMenshawy & Ahmed Massoud, 2022. "Medium-Voltage DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Bus Fast Charging Stations: State-of-the-Art Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-20, July.
    4. Boud Verbrugge & Abdul Mannan Rauf & Haaris Rasool & Mohamed Abdel-Monem & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Real-Time Charging Scheduling and Optimization of Electric Buses in a Depot," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    5. Manzolli, Jônatas Augusto & Trovão, João Pedro & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2022. "A review of electric bus vehicles research topics – Methods and trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    6. Boud Verbrugge & Haaris Rasool & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Sajib Chakraborty & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "Reliability Assessment of SiC-Based Depot Charging Infrastructure with Smart and Bidirectional (V2X) Charging Strategies for Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.
    7. Aleksander Chudy & Piotr Hołyszko & Paweł Mazurek, 2022. "Fast Charging of an Electric Bus Fleet and Its Impact on the Power Quality Based on On-Site Measurements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-16, July.
    8. Rebenaque, Olivier & Schmitt, Carlo & Schumann, Klemens & Dronne, Théo & Roques, Fabien, 2023. "Success of local flexibility market implementation: A review of current projects," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    9. Zhou, Yu & Meng, Qiang & Ong, Ghim Ping, 2022. "Electric Bus Charging Scheduling for a Single Public Transport Route Considering Nonlinear Charging Profile and Battery Degradation Effect," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 49-75.
    10. Olayiwola Alatise & Arkadeep Deb & Erfan Bashar & Jose Ortiz Gonzalez & Saeed Jahdi & Walid Issa, 2023. "A Review of Power Electronic Devices for Heavy Goods Vehicles Electrification: Performance and Reliability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-25, May.
    11. Paulo J. G. Ribeiro & José F. G. Mendes, 2022. "Towards Zero CO 2 Emissions from Public Transport: The Pathway to the Decarbonization of the Portuguese Urban Bus Fleet," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-15, July.
    12. Perumal, Shyam S.G. & Lusby, Richard M. & Larsen, Jesper, 2022. "Electric bus planning & scheduling: A review of related problems and methodologies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 301(2), pages 395-413.
    13. Rodrigo Antonio Sbardeloto Kraemer & Paula Zenni Lodetti & Alisson Carlos da Silva & Beatriz Batista Cardoso & Ivangelo Vicente & Marcos Aurelio Izumida Martins & Adriano de Paula Simões & Newmar Spad, 2023. "Regulatory Challenges in the Electromobility Sector: An Analysis of Electric Buses in Brazil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-28, April.
    14. Chun Xia-Bauer & Florin Vondung & Stefan Thomas & Raphael Moser, 2022. "Business Model Innovations for Renewable Energy Prosumer Development in Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-17, June.
    15. Ajla Mehinovic & Matej Zajc & Nermin Suljanovic, 2023. "Interpretation and Quantification of the Flexibility Sources Location on the Flexibility Service in the Distribution Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, January.
    16. Feifeng Zheng & Zhaojie Wang & Ming Liu, 2022. "Overnight charging scheduling of battery electric buses with uncertain charging time," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 22(5), pages 4865-4903, November.
    17. Bellenbaum, Julia & Höckner, Jonas & Weber, Christoph, 2022. "Designing flexibility procurement markets for congestion management – investigating two-stage procurement auctions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    18. Wenz, Klaus-Peter & Serrano-Guerrero, Xavier & Barragán-Escandón, Antonio & González, L.G. & Clairand, Jean-Michel, 2021. "Route prioritization of urban public transportation from conventional to electric buses: A new methodology and a study of case in an intermediate city of Ecuador," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    19. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    20. Paweł Piotrowski & Dariusz Baczyński & Marcin Kopyt, 2022. "Medium-Term Forecasts of Load Profiles in Polish Power System including E-Mobility Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-27, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:10:p:3639-:d:816722. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.