IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jecomi/v9y2021i2p62-d538873.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Effects of Corruption, Renewable Energy, Trade and CO 2 Emissions

Author

Listed:
  • Nuno Carlos Leitão

    (Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, Évora University, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
    Center for African and Development Studies, Lisbon University, 1200-781 Lisbon, Portugal)

Abstract

Corruption reflects a set of illegal activities that jeopardize the smooth functioning of economies, society, and climate and environmental issues. This article tests the relationships between economic growth, corruption, renewable energies, international trade, and carbon dioxide emissions using panel data for European countries, namely Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, and Greece, from 1995–2015. As an econometric strategy, this research uses the panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), and panel two-stage least squares estimator (TSLS). Considering the variables utilized in the research and the panel unit root test, we observed that the variables are integrated I (1) in the first difference. The variables of corruption, economic growth, renewable energies, international trade, and carbon dioxide emissions are cointegrated in the long run, using the Pedroni and Kao residual cointegration test arguments. The methodology of Dumitrescu–Hurlin to test the causality between carbon dioxide emissions, corruption, economic growth, and renewable energy shows that there is unidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and corruption and economic growth and corruption. The results suggest that the corruption index and economic growth have a statistically significant positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions. However, renewable energies and international trade reduce climate change and improve the environmental quality.

Suggested Citation

  • Nuno Carlos Leitão, 2021. "The Effects of Corruption, Renewable Energy, Trade and CO 2 Emissions," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-19, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:9:y:2021:i:2:p:62-:d:538873
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/2/62/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/2/62/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pedroni, Peter, 2004. "Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties Of Pooled Time Series Tests With An Application To The Ppp Hypothesis," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 597-625, June.
    2. Grossman, G.M & Krueger, A.B., 1991. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement," Papers 158, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
    3. Jaka Sriyana, 2019. "Dynamic Effects of Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in an Emerging Economy," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(4), pages 283-290.
    4. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    5. Holtz-Eakin, Douglas & Selden, Thomas M., 1995. "Stoking the fires? CO2 emissions and economic growth," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 85-101, May.
    6. Gene M. Grossman & Alan B. Krueger, 1995. "Economic Growth and the Environment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 110(2), pages 353-377.
    7. Gokhan Karhan, 2019. "Does Renewable Energy Increase Growth? Evidence from EU-19 Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(2), pages 341-346.
    8. Stock, James H & Watson, Mark W, 1993. "A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 783-820, July.
    9. Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente & Nuno Carlos Leitão & Festus Victor Bekun, 2021. "Fresh Validation of the Low Carbon Development Hypothesis under the EKC Scheme in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, January.
    10. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    11. Arellano, Manuel, 1989. "A note on the Anderson-Hsiao estimator for panel data," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 337-341, December.
    12. Shahzad, Umer & Doğan, Buhari & Sinha, Avik & Fareed, Zeeshan, 2021. "Does Export product diversification help to reduce energy demand: Exploring the contextual evidences from the newly industrialized countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    13. Hlalefang Khobai & Pierre Le Roux, 2018. "Does Renewable Energy Consumption Drive Economic Growth: Evidence from Granger-Causality Technique," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(2), pages 205-212.
    14. Maddala, G S & Wu, Shaowen, 1999. "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(0), pages 631-652, Special I.
    15. Alper, Aslan & Oguz, Ocal, 2016. "The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 953-959.
    16. Peter C. B. Phillips & Hyungsik R. Moon, 1999. "Linear Regression Limit Theory for Nonstationary Panel Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 67(5), pages 1057-1112, September.
    17. Choi, In, 2001. "Unit root tests for panel data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 249-272, April.
    18. Mun Mun Ahmed & Koji Shimada, 2019. "The Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from Emerging and Developing Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-15, July.
    19. Peter Pedroni, 2001. "Purchasing Power Parity Tests In Cointegrated Panels," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 83(4), pages 727-731, November.
    20. Anderson, T. W. & Hsiao, Cheng, 1982. "Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 47-82, January.
    21. Yuriy Bilan & Halyna Mishchuk & Natalia Samoliuk & Halyna Yurchyk, 2020. "Impact of Income Distribution on Social and Economic Well-Being of the State," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-15, January.
    22. Naveed Razzaq & Faqeer Muhammad & Rehmat Karim & Muhammad Tariq & Khair Muhammad, 2021. "The Nexus between Energy, Environment and Growth: Evidence from Latin-American Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(1), pages 82-87.
    23. Nuno Carlos Leitão, 2021. "Testing the Role of Trade on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portugal," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-15, February.
    24. Peter C. B. Phillips & Bruce E. Hansen, 1990. "Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 57(1), pages 99-125.
    25. Cole, Matthew A., 2007. "Corruption, income and the environment: An empirical analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(3-4), pages 637-647, May.
    26. Dalia M. Ibrahiem, 2015. "Renewable electricity consumption , Foreign direct investment and Economic growth in Egypt: An ARDL approach," Proceedings of Economics and Finance Conferences 2204592, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    27. Nuno Carlos Leitão & Daniel Balsalobre Lorente, 2020. "The Linkage between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO 2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-16, September.
    28. Majid Mahmoodi, 2017. "The Relationship between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Panel Data Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(6), pages 96-102.
    29. Wang, Zhaohua & Danish, & Zhang, Bin & Wang, Bo, 2018. "The moderating role of corruption between economic growth and CO2 emissions: Evidence from BRICS economies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 506-513.
    30. Nadia Singh & Richard Nyuur & Ben Richmond, 2019. "Renewable Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Multivariate Panel Data Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, April.
    31. Zhang, Wenwen & Chiu, Yi-Bin, 2020. "Do country risks influence carbon dioxide emissions? A non-linear perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    32. Nutnaree Maneejuk & Sutthipat Ratchakom & Paravee Maneejuk & Woraphon Yamaka, 2020. "Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve Exist? An International Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-22, November.
    33. Dincer, Oguzhan C. & Fredriksson, Per G., 2018. "Corruption and environmental regulatory policy in the United States: Does trust matter?," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 212-225.
    34. Javier Arnaut & Johanna Lidman, 2021. "Environmental Sustainability and Economic Growth in Greenland: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    35. Montassar Kahia & Anis Omri & Bilel Jarraya, 2021. "Green Energy, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-13, January.
    36. Saikkonen, Pentti, 1991. "Asymptotically Efficient Estimation of Cointegration Regressions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 7(1), pages 1-21, March.
    37. Marius-Corneliu Marinaș & Marin Dinu & Aura-Gabriela Socol & Cristian Socol, 2018. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Causality relationship in Central and Eastern European countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(10), pages 1-29, October.
    38. G. S. Maddala & Shaowen Wu, 1999. "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 631-652, November.
    39. Manuel Arellano & Stephen Bond, 1991. "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(2), pages 277-297.
    40. Levin, Andrew & Lin, Chien-Fu & James Chu, Chia-Shang, 2002. "Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 1-24, May.
    41. Arminen, Heli & Menegaki, Angeliki N., 2019. "Corruption, climate and the energy-environment-growth nexus," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 621-634.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Nuno Carlos Leitão & Henrique Freixa Braz & Pedro Oliveira, 2022. "Revisiting Marginal Intra-Industry Trade and Portuguese Labour Market," Evaluation Review, , vol. 46(3), pages 336-359, June.
    2. Ishfaq Hamid & Mohammed Ahmar Uddin & Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar & Md Shabbir Alam & D. P. Priyadarshi Joshi & Pabitra Kumar Jena, 2023. "Do Better Institutional Arrangements Lead to Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from India," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Katarzyna Szymczyk & Dilek Şahin & Haşim Bağcı & Ceyda Yerdelen Kaygın, 2021. "The Effect of Energy Usage, Economic Growth, and Financial Development on CO 2 Emission Management: An Analysis of OECD Countries with a High Environmental Performance Index," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-21, August.
    4. Yu-Xia Tu & Oleksandr Kubatko & Vladyslav Piven & Bohdan Kovalov & Mykola Kharchenko, 2023. "Promotion of Sustainable Development in the EU: Social and Economic Drivers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-15, May.
    5. Petr Wawrosz, 2022. "How Corruption Is and Should Be Investigated by Economic Theory," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-23, December.
    6. Nuno Carlos Leitão & Matheus Koengkan & José Alberto Fuinhas, 2022. "The Role of Intra-Industry Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Renewable Energy on Portuguese Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-21, November.
    7. José Alberto Fuinhas & Matheus Koengkan & Nuno Carlos Leitão & Chinazaekpere Nwani & Gizem Uzuner & Fatemeh Dehdar & Stefania Relva & Drielli Peyerl, 2021. "Effect of Battery Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 29 European Union Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-26, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente & Nuno Carlos Leitão & Festus Victor Bekun, 2021. "Fresh Validation of the Low Carbon Development Hypothesis under the EKC Scheme in Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-17, January.
    2. Nuno Carlos Leitão & Daniel Balsalobre Lorente, 2020. "The Linkage between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO 2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Wagner, Martin, 2008. "The carbon Kuznets curve: A cloudy picture emitted by bad econometrics?," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 388-408, August.
    4. H ctor F. Salazar-N ez & Francisco Venegas-Mart nez & Miguel Tinoco-Zerme o, 2020. "Impact of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions on Economic Growth: Cointegrated Panel Data in 79 Countries Grouped by Income Level," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(2), pages 218-226.
    5. Pedro M. G. Martins, 2010. "Aid Absorption and Spending in Africa: A Panel Cointegration Approach," Working Paper Series 1010, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
    6. Juan Carlos Aquino & N. R. Ramírez-Rondán, 2020. "Estimating factor shares from nonstationary panel data," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 58(5), pages 2353-2380, May.
    7. Zhang, Qianxiao & Shah, Syed Ale Raza & Yang, Ling, 2022. "An Appreciated Response of Disaggregated Energies Consumption towards the Sustainable Growth: A debate on G-10 Economies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    8. Tiba, Sofien & Frikha, Mohamed, 2019. "The controversy of the resource curse and the environment in the SDGs background: The African context," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 437-452.
    9. Li, Ke & Lin, Boqiang, 2016. "Impact of energy technology patents in China: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 214-223.
    10. Kahia, Montassar & Ben Aïssa, Mohamed Safouane & Charfeddine, Lanouar, 2016. "Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 102-115.
    11. Badi H. Baltagi & Chihwa Kao, 2000. "Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in Panels and Dynamic Panels: A Survey," Center for Policy Research Working Papers 16, Center for Policy Research, Maxwell School, Syracuse University.
    12. Olimpia Neagu, 2019. "The Link between Economic Complexity and Carbon Emissions in the European Union Countries: A Model Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-27, August.
    13. Farhani, Sahbi & Mrizak, Sana & Chaibi, Anissa & Rault, Christophe, 2014. "The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainability: A panel data analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 189-198.
    14. Jobert, Thomas & Karanfil, Fatih & Tykhonenko, Anna, 2013. "On the structure and form of the GDP–nuclear nexus: New perspectives and new findings," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1553-1561.
    15. Valentina-Ioana Mera & Monica Ioana Pop Silaghi & Camélia Turcu, 2020. "Economic Sentiments and Money Demand Stability in the CEECs," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 343-369, April.
    16. El-Shazly, Alaa, 2013. "Electricity demand analysis and forecasting: A panel cointegration approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 251-258.
    17. Breitung, Jörg & Pesaran, Mohammad Hashem, 2005. "Unit roots and cointegration in panels," Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies 2005,42, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    18. Costantini, Valeria & Martini, Chiara, 2010. "The causality between energy consumption and economic growth: A multi-sectoral analysis using non-stationary cointegrated panel data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 591-603, May.
    19. João Valle e Azevedo & João Ritto & Pedro Teles, 2022. "The Neutrality Of Nominal Rates: How Long Is The Long Run?," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 63(4), pages 1745-1777, November.
    20. Aslanidis, Nektarios, 2009. "Environmental Kuznets Curves for Carbon Emissions: A Critical Survey," Working Papers 2072/15847, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:9:y:2021:i:2:p:62-:d:538873. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.