Particle filtering, learning, and smoothing for mixed-frequency state-space models

A particle filter approach for general mixed-frequency state-space models is considered. It employs a backward smoother to filter high-frequency state variables from low-frequency observations. Moreover, it preserves the sequential nature of particle filters, allows for non-Gaussian shocks and nonlinear state-measurement relation, and alleviates the concern over sample degeneracy. Simulation studies show that it outperforms the commonly used state-augmented approach for mixed-frequency data for filtering and smoothing. In an empirical exercise, predictive mixed-frequency regressions are employed for Treasury bond and US dollar index returns with quarterly predictors and monthly stochastic volatility. Stochastic volatility improves model inference and forecasting power in a mixed-frequency setup but not for quarterly aggregate models.