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The Political Economy of Biotechnology

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  • Zilberman, David
  • Graff, Gregory
  • Hochman, Gal
  • Kaplan, Scott

Abstract

The introduction of GE to agriculture has encoun-tered strong resistance, reflecting conflicting groups within and between countries. This has resulted in a regulatory environment that has limited the application of GE mostly to feed and fiber and practically restricted its application in food. While agricultural biotechnology has already provided significant benefits, much of its potential has not been reached. Regulation of agricultural biotechnology reflects conflicting interests and varying political power of different groups. The relatively supportive regulation of biotechnology in the U.S. reflects that it is an American technology, and supporting groups like the farm lobby, technology manufacturers, and U.S. consumers outweigh the objections of environmentalists and other opposition to the technology. In Europe, growing concern about environmental side-effects of agriculture, the fact that GE technology was imported, and the power of environmental groups has resulted in restrictive regulation. To a large extent, the fate of GE depends on the level of goodwill it generates among voters, and as long as a large segment of the population is apprehensive about its benefits, heavy restrictions about the technology that prevent it from reaching its potential will persist. Die Einführung von neuen Methoden in der Pflanzenzüchtung ist nicht unumstritten und spiegelt die Interessen gesellschaftlicher Gruppen auf nationaler wie auch international Ebene wider. Die unterschiedlichen Interessen haben dazu geführt, dass die neuen Methoden in der Pflanzenzüchtung stärker als die herkömmlichen reguliert werden und der Einsatz sich daher hauptsächlich auf Futter- und Faserpflanzen beschränkt. Obwohl der Einsatz der Biotechnologie in der Pflanzenzüchtung erhebliche Vorteile aufweist, ist das Potential bei weitem noch nicht ausgenutzt. Die Regulierung der Biotechnologie in der Landwirtschaft ist ein Ergebnis des politischen Einflusses von Interessensgruppen. Die wohlwollendere Regulierung in den USA erklärt sich daraus, dass es sich um eine amerikanische Technologie handelt, unterstützt von Landwirten, Pflanzenzüchtern und Verbrauchern, welches die Bedenken von Umweltschützern und anderen Gruppen, die die Technologie ablehnen, überwiegt. In Europa haben Bedenken über Umwelteffekte der modernen Landwirtschaft, die Tatsache, dass es sich um eine ausländische Technologie handelt und der Einfluss von Umweltschutzgruppen zu einer im Vergleich strengeren Regulierung der modernen Pflanzenzüchtung geführt mit einer im Endergebnis geringeren Anwendung der Technologie. Die Zukunft der Pflanzenzüchtung hängt davon ab, wie Wähler neue Methoden der Pflanzenzüchtung bewerten. Solange ein großer Teil der Bevölkerung den neuen Technologien kritisch gegenübersteht, ist zu erwarten, dass der Einsatz weiterhin stark eingeschränkt und das Potential nicht ausreichend genutzt wird.

Suggested Citation

  • Zilberman, David & Graff, Gregory & Hochman, Gal & Kaplan, Scott, 2015. "The Political Economy of Biotechnology," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 64(04), December.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:gjagec:270180
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.270180
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    2. Steven Haggblade & Bart Minten & Carl Pray & Thomas Reardon & David Zilberman, 2017. "The Herbicide Revolution in Developing Countries: Patterns, Causes, and Implications," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 29(3), pages 533-559, July.
    3. Wesseler, Justus & Banse, Martin & Zilberman, David, 2015. "Introduction Special Issue “The Political Economy of the Bioeconomy”," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 64(04), December.
    4. Castellari, Elena & Soregaroli, Claudio & Venus, Thomas J. & Wesseler, Justus, 2018. "Food processor and retailer non-GMO standards in the US and EU and the driving role of regulations," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 26-37.
    5. Tagliabue, Giovanni, 2017. "“GMO” maize and public health – A case of Schumpeterian policy vs. free market in the EU," Bio-based and Applied Economics Journal, Italian Association of Agricultural and Applied Economics (AIEAA), vol. 5(3), February.
    6. Tagliabue, Giovanni, 2016. ""GMO" maize and public health. A little case of Schumpeterian policy in the EU," 2016 Fifth AIEAA Congress, June 16-17, 2016, Bologna, Italy 242323, Italian Association of Agricultural and Applied Economics (AIEAA).

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