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Climate politics in the multi-level governance system: emissions trading and institutional changes in environmental policy-making

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  • Braun, Marcel
  • Santarius, Tilman

Abstract

In weniger als zehn Jahren reüssierte der Emissionshandel als klimapolitisches Instrument vom politischen Agenda-Setting über die Politikformulierung bis zu seiner Umsetzung - und das noch dazu in Form verschiedener Handelssysteme auf mehreren politischen Ebenen; zum einen als zwischenstaatlicher Emissionshandel im Rahmen des Kyoto-Protokolls, zum anderen als Emissionshandel für energieintensive Unternehmen innerhalb der Europäischen Union. Nicht nur wegen der Geschwindigkeit des Prozesses, sondern auch, weil der Emissionshandel als zielführendes und effizientes Instrument zur Vermeidung von Treibhausgasemissionen gilt, wird seine Einführung zumeist als Erfolgsstory betrachtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet diese Erfolgsstory kritisch auf der Grundlage von Hypothesen, die der Multi-Level-Governance-Forschung entlehnt wurden. Dabei erfolgt die theoretische Diskussion entlang einer deskriptiv-analytischen Wiedergabe des Einführungsprozesses, welcher die wichtigsten Akteure, Konflikte und zeitlichen Meilensteine in der Diskussion des Emissionshandels herausarbeitet. Welche Rückschlüsse lässt die rasante Einführung des Emissionshandels auf die Verflechtung von Akteuren und Institutionen im politischen Mehrebenensystem zu? Inwieweit geht mit ihr eine Kompetenzverlagerung von nationalen Regierungen auf supra- oder internationale Institutionen über, und kann man dabei von einem weiteren Souveränitätsverlust der Nationalstaaten sprechen? Bedingen Politikverflechtung und Souveränitätsverlust ein Demokratiedefizit, oder kann demokratische Legitimation durch die starke Partizipation von zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen oder der verstärkten Einbindung etwa des Europäischen Parlaments sichergestellt werden? Die Antworten auf diese Fragen bleiben durchaus ambivalent: Das Agenda-Setting des Emissionshandels kann als ein expertokratischer top-down-Prozess betrachtet werden, bei dem sich einige wenige wissensstarke Verhandlungsakteure gegen zahlreiche andere durchgesetzt haben. Andererseits ist der Prozess der Umsetzung durch eine beispiellose politische Partizipation gekennzeichnet, in der auch weiche Formen des Regierens zum Tragen kamen. Die Einführung des Emissionshandels zeigt deutlich, dass Nachhaltigkeit ein gesellschaftlicher Suchprozess ist, der stets neu die unterschiedlichen Machtverhältnisse ausbalancieren und eine Öffnung des politischen Prozesses erwirken muss.

Suggested Citation

  • Braun, Marcel & Santarius, Tilman, 2008. "Climate politics in the multi-level governance system: emissions trading and institutional changes in environmental policy-making," Wuppertal Papers 172, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:wuppap:172
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    References listed on IDEAS

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