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On the Process of Including Shipping in EU Emissions Trading: Multi-Level Reinforcement Revisited

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  • Jørgen Wettestad

    (Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway)

  • Lars H. Gulbrandsen

    (Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway)

Abstract

As part of the EU Green Deal initiative in 2019, the EU Commission decided to develop a proposal to include emissions from shipping in the EU emissions trading system. This occurred only one year after the Commission had heralded the emissions reduction agreement negotiated in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a significant step forward—thereby signalling support for the IMO process. We apply a multi-level reinforcement perspective to explain this apparent policy volte-face, resulting in a Commission proposal in July 2021 which is now moving through institutions in the EU. Such a perspective notes the “friendly” competition for leadership among central actors at various levels in the EU—particularly the Commission, the European Parliament, and leading member states. We find, first, that the inclusion of shipping is in line with the broadening ambitions of the Commission since the start of the emissions trading system. Second, until 2019, the Parliament carried the regulatory torch. A turning point in the policymaking process was the inclusion of the shipping issue in Ursula von der Leyen’s programme for getting accepted by the Parliament and elected as Commission leader in 2019. From then on, the Commission again took the lead. Third, despite the 2018 IMO agreement, progress there was deemed slow, which further motivated EU policymakers to act unilaterally.

Suggested Citation

  • Jørgen Wettestad & Lars H. Gulbrandsen, 2022. "On the Process of Including Shipping in EU Emissions Trading: Multi-Level Reinforcement Revisited," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 10(1), pages 246-255.
    • Handle: RePEc:cog:poango:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:246-255
    DOI: 10.17645/pag.v10i1.4848
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jørgen Wettestad, 2005. "The Making of the 2003 EU Emissions Trading Directive: An Ultra-Quick Process due to Entrepreneurial Proficiency?," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 5(1), pages 1-23, February.
    2. Jon Birger Skjærseth & Jørgen Wettestad, 2010. "Fixing the EU Emissions Trading System? Understanding the Post-2012 Changes," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 10(4), pages 101-123, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Lars H. Gulbrandsen & Jørgen Wettestad, 2022. "Carbon Pricing Under Pressure: Withering Markets?," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 10(1), pages 230-234.

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