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A post-Keynesian model on the impact of militarization on carbon emission

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  • Elveren, Adem Yavuz

Abstract

Introduction: Global military expenditure increased to about $2.4 trillion in 2023, basically driven by the Russia-Ukraine war and other geopolitical tensions (SIPRI 2024). According to SIPRI, the 6.8% rise in total military spending was the largest since 2009. As a result, the global military burden reached 2.3% of world GDP, with governments allocating an average of 6.9% of their budgets to defense. Policymakers frequently frame high levels of military spending as indispensable for maintaining deterrence and protecting national interests, thereby legitimizing disproportionate defense budgets. However, higher levels of military expenditure do not necessarily translate into greater peace or stability. On the contrary, they tend to intensify arms races and escalate geopolitical rivalries, thereby heightening the likelihood of conflict (UN 2025). A growing body of empirical evidence indicates that military spending crowds out resources vital for social investment, poverty reduction, quality and extensive education and healthcare, gender equality, infrastructure development, and environmental protection (Elgin et al. 2022; UN Women 2022; Elveren 2025a). (...)

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  • Elveren, Adem Yavuz, 2025. "A post-Keynesian model on the impact of militarization on carbon emission," ZÖSS-Discussion Papers 122, University of Hamburg, Centre for Economic and Sociological Studies (CESS/ZÖSS).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:cessdp:330668
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    1. Ceyhun Elgin & Adem Y. Elveren & Gökçer Özgür & Gül Dertli, 2022. "Military spending and sustainable development," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(3), pages 1466-1490, August.
    2. Özlem Onaran & Cem Oyvat, 2023. "Synthesizing feminist and post-Keynesian/Kaleckian economics for a purple–green–red transition," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, vol. 20(2), pages 317-337, November.
    3. Rezai, Armon & Taylor, Lance & Mechler, Reinhard, 2013. "Ecological macroeconomics: An application to climate change," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 69-76.
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