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Mobilising Investment in Low Carbon, Climate Resilient Infrastructure

Author

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  • Christopher Kennedy

    (OECD)

  • Jan Corfee-Morlot

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper addresses several broad issues for governments aiming to encourage private sector investment in low-carbon climate resilient (LCR) infrastructure, in both developed and developing world contexts. LCR infrastructure is defined, recognizing the interdependencies between infrastructure systems, and the opportunities to tackle climate change adaptation and mitigation simultaneously in national strategic infrastructure plans. Review of the performance of OECD countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions related to three categories of gross fixed capital formation is mixed. Half of the countries analysed achieved decoupling of emissions from capital formation in the residential building sector, but only two in the transportation sector and nine in power and industry. The paper reviews future global infrastructure needs under low carbon and business-as–usual scenarios. Although cost estimates are incomplete, the technical interdependency and financial tradeoffs between infrastructure systems suggests the potential to generate virtuous cycles of low carbon growth. Governments can encourage private investment in LCR infrastructure by improving the risk-return profile of projects. The paper provides a ranking of the most significant risks in financing LCR projects showing that policy (or sovereign) risks rank amongst the highest. The potential to finance LCR infrastructure in low income nations is challenging due to basic banking services, lack of non-bank financial services, weak risk management capacity and limited availability of long term funding. Drawing on OECD?s work on the water sector, the paper reviews financing mechanisms that help to increase access to commercial banks, bond finance, project finance and equity finance in developing countries. Green bonds are an example of a financing mechanism with strong potential for LCR infrastructure in developed countries, but supportive government policies are required. The paper concludes by considering governance arrangements that can enable and secure private engagement in LCR infrastructure investment, including public private partnerships (PPPs). Where governments have opted to use PPPs, government PPP units may be suitable administrative units for managing delivery of LCR performance as an integral part of the infrastructure project. Le présent document évoque plusieurs des grandes questions qui se posent aux pays désireux d'encourager l'investissement privé dans les infrastructures à bas carbone et résilientes au changement climatique (low-carbon climate resilient, LCR), tant dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement. Dans sa définition des infrastructures LCR, le document note l'existence d'interdépendances entre les systèmes d'infrastructures, et rappelle que la planification stratégique nationale en matière d'infrastructures peut être l'occasion de poursuivre à la fois les objectifs d'adaptation et d'atténuation de la politique climatique. L'examen des performances des pays de l'OCDE en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à trois catégories de formation brute de capital fixe fait apparaître un tableau mitigé. Si la moitié des pays examinés a réussi à découpler les émissions de la formation de capital dans le secteur de la construction résidentielle, seuls deux y sont parvenus dans le secteur des transports, et neuf dans ceux de l'énergie et de l'industrie. Le document analyse l'évolution future des besoins mondiaux en infrastructures selon un scénario bas carbone et selon un scenario de politiques inchangées. Les estimations de coûts sont incomplètes, mais des cycles vertueux de croissance sobre en carbone semblent possibles, compte tenu de l'interdépendance entre les systèmes d'infrastructures, tant d'un point de vue technique qu'en termes d'arbitrages financiers. Pour encourager l'investissement privé dans les infrastructures LCR, les gouvernements peuvent améliorer le rapport rendement-risque des projets. Le document classe les principaux risques qui pèsent sur le financement de projets d'infrastructures LCR. Parmi les plus importants figurent les risques stratégiques (ou souverains). Dans les pays à faible revenu, plusieurs facteurs compromettent les possibilités de financer les infrastructures LCR : services bancaires rudimentaires, absence de services financiers non bancaires, faibles capacités de gestion des risques et sources de financement à long terme insuffisantes. À partir des travaux de l'OCDE sur le secteur de l'eau, ce document présente des mécanismes de financement qui contribuent à améliorer l'accès aux banques commerciales, au financement obligataire, au financement de projets et au financement sur fonds propres dans les pays en développement. Parmi ces mécanismes de financement, les obligations vertes offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour financer les infrastructures LCR dans les pays développés, mais nécessitent des mesures de soutien public. En conclusion, le document évoque les systèmes de gouvernance susceptibles d'assurer l'implication du secteur privé dans les investissements relatifs aux infrastructures LCR. Malgré les risques et les complexités supplémentaires liés aux partenariats public-privé (PPP), en particulier avec les nouvelles technologies, le recours à ce dernier type de dispositif peut apparaître comme une option prometteuse pour les pouvoirs publics désireux de favoriser ces investissements. Des organismes publics spécialisés dans les PPP pourraient constituer des unités administratives adaptées pour gérer la fourniture d'infrastructures LCR.

Suggested Citation

  • Christopher Kennedy & Jan Corfee-Morlot, 2012. "Mobilising Investment in Low Carbon, Climate Resilient Infrastructure," OECD Environment Working Papers 46, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:envaaa:46-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zm3gxxmnq-en
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Kahia, Montassar, 2019. "Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: A panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 198-213.
    2. Alex Bowen & Emanuele Campiglio & Massimo Tavoni, 2014. "A Macroeconomic Perspective On Climate Change Mitigation: Meeting The Financing Challenge," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 5(01), pages 1-35.
    3. Geraldine Ang & Dirk Röttgers & Pralhad Burli, 2017. "The empirics of enabling investment and innovation in renewable energy," OECD Environment Working Papers 123, OECD Publishing.
    4. Kennedy, Christopher & Corfee-Morlot, Jan, 2013. "Past performance and future needs for low carbon climate resilient infrastructure– An investment perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 773-783.
    5. Christopher A. Kennedy & Martin Sers & Michael I. Westphal, 2023. "Avoiding investment in fossil fuel assets," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 27(4), pages 1184-1196, August.

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