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Towards Global Carbon Pricing: Direct and Indirect Linking of Carbon Markets

Author

Listed:
  • Rob Dellink

    (OECD)

  • Stéphanie Jamet

    (OECD)

  • Jean Château

    (OECD)

  • Romain Duval

    (OECD)

Abstract

Emissions trading systems (ETS) can play a major role in a cost-effective climate policy framework. Both direct linking of ETSs and indirect linking through a common crediting mechanism can reduce costs of action. We use a global recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model to assess the effects of direct and indirect linking of ETS systems across world regions. Linking of domestic Annex I ETSs leads to moderate aggregate cost savings, as differences in domestic permit prices are limited. However, the economy of the main seller, Russia, is negatively affected by the real exchange rate appreciation that is induced by the large export of permits. The cost-saving potential for developed countries of well-functioning crediting mechanisms appears to be very large. Even limited use of credits would nearly halve mitigation costs; cost savings would be largest for carbon-intensive economies. However, one open issue is whether these gains can be fully reaped in reality, given that direct linking and the use of crediting mechanisms both raise complex system design and implementation issues. The analysis in this paper shows, however, that the potential gains to be reaped are so large, that substantial efforts in this domain are warranted. Les systèmes d’échange de droits d’émission peuvent jouer un rôle considérable dans le cadre d’une politique climatique efficace par rapport aux coûts. Le couplage direct de ces systèmes, aussi bien qu’indirect à travers un mécanisme commun d’attribution de crédits, peut réduire les coûts de l’action. Nous utilisons un modèle mondial dynamique récursif d’équilibre général calculable pour évaluer les effets du couplage direct et indirect des systèmes d’échange de droits d’émission dans les différentes régions du monde. Le couplage des systèmes d’échange nationaux des pays visés à l’annexe I entraîne de faibles économies dans l’ensemble, car les différences de prix entre permis nationaux sont limitées. Cela étant, l’économie du principal vendeur - la Russie - est mise à mal par l’appréciation du taux de change réel due aux fortes exportations de permis. Les économies que pourraient réaliser les pays développés grâce à des mécanismes efficaces d’attribution de crédits d’émission semblent très importantes. Un recours même limité à ces crédits permettrait en gros de réduire de moitié les coûts de l’atténuation ; les économies à forte intensité de carbone sont celles qui feraient le plus d’économies. Il reste à savoir cependant si, concrètement, ces avantages pourraient être exploités en totalité, compte tenu des problèmes complexes de conception et de mise en oeuvre que posent tant le couplage direct que les mécanismes d’attribution de crédits. L’analyse présentée dans ce rapport montre toutefois que les avantages à en tirer peuvent être si grands qu’il se justifie de déployer des efforts considérables dans ce domaine.

Suggested Citation

  • Rob Dellink & Stéphanie Jamet & Jean Château & Romain Duval, 2010. "Towards Global Carbon Pricing: Direct and Indirect Linking of Carbon Markets," OECD Environment Working Papers 20, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:envaaa:20-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5km975t0cfr8-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Diniz Oliveira, Thais & Costa Gurgel, Angelo & Tonry, Steve, 2021. "Potential trading partners of a brazilian emissions trading scheme: The effects of linking with a developed region (Europe) and two developing regions (Latin America and China)," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    2. Li, Mengyu & Weng, Yuyan & Duan, Maosheng, 2019. "Emissions, energy and economic impacts of linking China’s national ETS with the EU ETS," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1235-1244.
    3. Wang, Junbo & Ma, Zhenyu & Fan, Xiayang, 2023. "We are all in the same boat: The welfare and carbon abatement effects of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism," MPRA Paper 118978, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Zhongyu Ma & Songfeng Cai & Weifeng Ye & Alun Gu, 2019. "Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: Economic Valuation of a Joint China–Japan–Korea Carbon Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-12, September.
    5. Mullaly, Damian & Lanzi, Elisa & Chateau, Jean & Dellink, Rob, 2012. "The Role of Competitiveness Instruments in the Climate Policy Debate - Addressing Fragmented Carbon Markets," Conference papers 332184, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    6. Mario A. Fernandez & Adam J. Daigneault, 2018. "Money Does Grow On Trees: Impacts Of The Paris Agreement On The New Zealand Economy," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 9(03), pages 1-23, August.
    7. Fang Zhang & Zhengjun Zhang, 2020. "The tail dependence of the carbon markets: The implication of portfolio management," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-17, August.
    8. Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana & Tirado Herrero, Sergio, 2012. "Building synergies between climate change mitigation and energy poverty alleviation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 83-90.
    9. Diniz Oliveira, Thais & Costa Gurgel, Angelo & Tonry, Steve, 2019. "International market mechanisms under the Paris Agreement: A cooperation between Brazil and Europe," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 397-409.
    10. Lanzi, Elisa & Chateau, Jean & Dellink, Rob, 2012. "Alternative approaches for levelling carbon prices in a world with fragmented carbon markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(S2), pages 240-250.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    climate mitigation policy; emissions trading systems; general equilibrium models; modèles d’équilibre général; Politique d’atténuation du changement climatique; système d’échange de droits d’émissions;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • O41 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

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