IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/ecoaaa/994-en.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Portugal: Rebalancing the Economy and Returning to Growth Through Job Creation and Better Capital Allocation

Author

Listed:
  • Álvaro Pina

    (OECD)

  • Ildeberta Abreu

    (Bank of Portugal)

Abstract

Low growth and huge current account deficits have characterised the Portuguese economy over the past decade. Easy credit in global markets, combined with the absence of incentives to limit loan-to-deposit ratios until recently, made it possible to finance internationally high levels of consumption and investment relative to gross domestic product (GDP) through over reliance of the banking sector on wholesale funding. This led to high households’ and firms’ indebtedness and made banks vulnerable to shifts in investor sentiment. However, investment and credit were mostly directed to sheltered sectors, giving rise to an oversized road infrastructure, electricity generation capacity and housing stock. Weaknesses in labour market institutions further held back productivity and hampered wage adjustment, making it harder to gain cost competitiveness. The deleveraging process set in motion by the loss of access to foreign financing is helping to rapidly reduce external deficits, but also has the potential to generate a damaging credit contraction, which enhances the importance of alternative financing strategies for firms, such as greater reliance on equity. To restore growth, Portugal needs to foster the reallocation of both labour and capital, essentially towards the tradable sector. Building on recent policy initiatives or commitments, this will require reforming public policies that have long distorted investment allocation, ensuring that banks adequately recognise and provision problematic loans and, on the employment front, reducing labour market segmentation and increasing targeted training. Reforms in wage setting, labour taxation, unemployment benefits and activation policies will foster job creation, thus enhancing output growth while avoiding high unemployment becoming entrenched and threatening social cohesion. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Portugal (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/portugal). Portugal: Rééquilibrer l'économie et renouer avec la croissance par la création d'emplois et une meilleure affectation des capitaux L’économie portugaise s’est caractérisée ces dix dernières années par une croissance faible et des déficits volumineux des paiements courants. L’accès au crédit facile sur les marchés mondiaux, conjugué jusqu’à ces derniers temps à une absence de dispositifs incitant les banques à limiter leur ratio prêts/dépôts, a permis de financer à l’international une forte consommation et des investissements élevés par rapport au produit intérieur brut (PIB), par un recours excessif du secteur bancaire aux marchés de la dette internationaux. Ce phénomène a abouti à un endettement important des ménages et des entreprises et a rendu les banques vulnérables à un retournement de la confiance des investisseurs. Cela étant, l’investissement et le crédit ont été principalement orientés vers les secteurs protégés, donnant naissance à une infrastructure routière, à des capacités de production d’électricité et à un stock de logements surdimensionnés. Les carences des institutions du marché du travail ont encore sapé la productivité et entravé l’ajustement des salaires, rendant encore plus difficiles les gains de compétitivité-coûts. Le processus de désendettement déclenché par la perte de l’accès aux financements internationaux contribue à réduire rapidement les déficits extérieurs mais pourrait également engendrer un resserrement du crédit préjudiciable pour l’économie, ce qui accroît l’importance de stratégies de financement alternatives pour les entreprises, telles qu’une plus grande dépendance sur les fonds propres. Pour renouer avec la croissance, le Portugal doit favoriser le redéploiement de la main-d’oeuvre et du capital, pour l’essentiel vers les secteurs exportateurs. En s’appuyant sur les récentes initiatives et engagements politiques, il lui faudra engager une réforme de ses politiques publiques qui ont longtemps faussé la répartition des investissements, veiller à ce que les banques comptabilisent et provisionnent comme il se doit leurs prêts problématiques et, sur le front de l’emploi, réduire la segmentation du marché du travail et renforcer les formations ciblées. Des réformes concernant la fixation des salaires, l’imposition du travail, les allocations chômage et les politiques d’activation stimuleront la création d’emplois et renforceront de ce fait la croissance de la production tout en évitant l’enracinement d’un chômage élevé mettant en péril la cohésion sociale. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE du Portugal, 2012 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/portugal).

Suggested Citation

  • Álvaro Pina & Ildeberta Abreu, 2012. "Portugal: Rebalancing the Economy and Returning to Growth Through Job Creation and Better Capital Allocation," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 994, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:994-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k918xjjzs9q-en
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/5k918xjjzs9q-en
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1787/5k918xjjzs9q-en?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. International Monetary Fund, 2015. "Portugal: Selected Issues," IMF Staff Country Reports 2015/127, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Pedro Portugal & Anabela Carneiro, 2013. "Catastrophic Job Destruction," Working Papers w201314, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
    3. Giuseppe Bertola & John Driffill & Harold James & Hans-Werner Sinn & Jan-Egbert Sturm & Ákos Valentinyi, 2013. "Chapter 3: Labour Market Reform and Youth Unemployment," EEAG Report on the European Economy, CESifo, vol. 0, pages 73-94, February.
    4. Carneiro, Anabela & Portugal, Pedro & Varejão, José, 2014. "Catastrophic job Destruction during the Portuguese Economic Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pages 444-457.
    5. Ana Fontoura Gouveia & Filipa Canas, 2016. "Reallocation of Resources between Tradable and Non-Tradable Sectors in Portugal: Developing a new Identification Strategy for the Tradable Sector," GEE Papers 0060, Gabinete de Estratégia e Estudos, Ministério da Economia, revised Feb 2016.
    6. Ms. Bergljot B Barkbu & Pelin Berkmen & Pavel Lukyantsau & Mr. Sergejs Saksonovs & Hanni Schoelermann, 2015. "Investment in the Euro Area: Why Has It Been Weak?," IMF Working Papers 2015/032, International Monetary Fund.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    activation policy; allocation du crédit; banks; banques; chômage; coûts salariaux; credit allocation; deleveraging; déséquilibres macroéconomiques; energy; financial regulation; housing; labour costs; labour market segmentation; logement; macroeconomic imbalances; négociation salariale; politiques d'activation; Portugal; Portugal; réduction de l’effet de levier; régulation financière; segmentation du marché du travail; unemployment; wage bargaining; énergie;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F32 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • J52 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining - - - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation
    • J64 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
    • J65 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
    • L94 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities - - - Electric Utilities
    • R31 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - Housing Supply and Markets

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:994-en. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/edoecfr.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.