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Assessing China's skills gap and inequalities in education

Author

Listed:
  • Margit Molnar

    (OECD)

  • Boqing Wang
  • Ruidong Gao

Abstract

In recent years, many tertiary graduates have had difficulties finding a job, while factories have been struggling to recruit workers. Notwithstanding rapidly increasing education attainment, graduates’ skills do not seem to match those demanded by the market. Moreover, structural changes in the economy aggravate the shortage of skills in newly emerging industries. While the problem is widely recognised, empirical studies of the issue are scarce and the skills gap has not been quantified. This paper aims at gaging the skills and knowledge gap of tertiary graduates of universities and vocational colleges across China. It also looks at the employment and wage prospects of graduates with different educational backgrounds. Inequalities in educational opportunities, stemming in particular from the urban-rural divide and to a lesser extent from the social background, shape careers and lives. The best primary and middle schools are located in the biggest cities and until recently children competed for a place at such schools. In third and fourth-tier cities or in rural areas, in contrast, there are fewer choices and thus less chance to get into a “model” high school or a top university. The family background also tends to have an impact on the choice of a school or profession and on future earnings. This paper discusses various aspects of inequalities related to the place of upbringing, family background and geographical area. Micro-level data analysis is complemented by an investigation into inequalities of various aspects of education at the city and county levels. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of China www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-china.htm Évaluation du déficit de qualifications en Chine et inégalités du système éducatif Depuis quelques années, de nombreux diplômés de l’enseignement supérieur éprouvent des difficultés à trouver un emploi tandis que les usines peinent à recruter de la main-d’oeuvre. En dépit d’un relèvement rapide des niveaux d’instruction, il ne semble pas que les qualifications des diplômés correspondent aux besoins du marché. Qui plus est, les mutations structurelles de l’économie aggravent le déficit de qualifications dans les industries nouvelles qui voient le jour. Si le problème est largement admis, les études empiriques sur le sujet ne sont pas légion et le déficit de qualifications n’a pas été quantifié. Ce document de travail a pour but d’évaluer le déficit de qualifications et de connaissances des diplômés des universités et des instituts professionnels de l’enseignement supérieur en Chine. Il examine également les perspectives d’emploi et de rémunération des diplômés issus de différentes filières de formation. Les vies et les carrières en Chine sont le reflet des inégalités d’accès au système éducatif, qui découlent notamment de la fracture entre les zones urbaines et rurales, mais aussi, dans une moindre mesure, de l’origine sociale. Les meilleurs établissements d’enseignement primaire et secondaire (collèges) se situent dans les plus grandes villes du pays et il y peu de temps encore, la concurrence était âpre pour s’y inscrire. En revanche, dans les villes de troisième et quatrième rangs, ou dans les zones rurales, l’offre est moins abondante et les chances d’intégrer un lycée « modèle » ou une université réputée sont d’autant plus réduites. Le milieu familial tend également à avoir un impact sur le choix d’une école ou d’une profession et sur la rémunération future. Ce document de travail examine ces inégalités sous l’angle du lieu d’éducation, de l’origine familiale et de la zone géographique des élèves. Un examen des inégalités de divers aspects du système éducatif, au niveau des villes et des comtés, complète l’analyse des micro-données. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de la Chine, OCDE, 2015 www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-chine.htm.

Suggested Citation

  • Margit Molnar & Boqing Wang & Ruidong Gao, 2015. "Assessing China's skills gap and inequalities in education," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1220, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1220-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1j1805czs-en
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    accès au système éducatif; China; Chine; diplômés des universités; déficit de qualifications; dépense publique; educational opportunity; family background; fracture entre zones urbaines et rurales; government spending; inequality; instituts professionnels; inégalité; milieu familial; skills mismatch; university graduates; urban-rural divide; vocational college;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H52 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Education
    • I23 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Higher Education; Research Institutions
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

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