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The 2021 Paycheck Protection Program Reboot: Loan Disbursement to Employer and Nonemployer Businesses in Minority Communities

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  • Robert W. Fairlie
  • Frank Fossen

Abstract

Was the $278 billion reboot of the $800 billion Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) in early 2021 disbursed equitably to minority communities? This paper provides the first analysis of how PPP funds were disbursed to minority communities in the third and final round of the program, which was specifically targeted to underserved and disadvantaged communities. Using administrative microdata on the universe of PPP loans, we find a strong positive relationship between PPP flows, as measured by the number of loans per employer business or loan amounts per employee, and the minority share of the population or businesses in the third round. In contrast, the relationship was negative in the first round of 2020 and less positive in the second round of 2020. We find a stronger positive relationship between minority share and loan numbers or amounts to employer businesses for first draw loans than second draw loans in 2021 (capturing some persistence in inequities). The patterns are similar for loan numbers and amounts to nonemployer businesses but with a strong positive relationship with minority share for both first draw and second draw loans. The rebooted PPP that ran from January to May 2021 appears to have been disbursed to minority communities as intended.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert W. Fairlie & Frank Fossen, 2022. "The 2021 Paycheck Protection Program Reboot: Loan Disbursement to Employer and Nonemployer Businesses in Minority Communities," NBER Working Papers 29732, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29732
    Note: LS PE PR
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robert W. Fairlie & Alicia M. Robb, 2008. "Race and Entrepreneurial Success: Black-, Asian-, and White-Owned Businesses in the United States," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 026206281x, April.
    2. Ströbel, Johannes & Howell, Sabrina & Kuchler, Theresa & Snitkof, David, 2021. "Racial Disparities in Access to Small Business Credit: Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program," CEPR Discussion Papers 16623, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    3. Robert W. Fairlie, 2020. "The Impact of Covid-19 on Small Business Owners: The First Three Months after Social-Distancing Restrictions," CESifo Working Paper Series 8581, CESifo.
    4. Laura Montenovo & Xuan Jiang & Felipe Lozano Rojas & Ian M. Schmutte & Kosali I. Simon & Bruce A. Weinberg & Coady Wing, 2020. "Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses," NBER Working Papers 27132, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Robert Fairlie, 2020. "The impact of COVID‐19 on small business owners: Evidence from the first three months after widespread social‐distancing restrictions," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(4), pages 727-740, October.
    6. Benjamin W. Cowan, 2020. "Short-run Effects of COVID-19 on U.S. Worker Transitions," NBER Working Papers 27315, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Raffi E. García & William A. Darity Jr., 2022. "Self-Reporting Race in Small Business Loans: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Evidence from PPP Loans in Durham, NC," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 112, pages 299-302, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Fairlie, Robert W., 2023. "The Impacts of COVID-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings," IZA Discussion Papers 16412, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. Robert Fairlie & Robert W. Fairlie, 2023. "The Impacts of Covid-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings," CESifo Working Paper Series 10634, CESifo.
    3. Robert W. Fairlie, 2022. "The Impacts of COVID-19 on Racial Inequality in Business Earnings," NBER Working Papers 30532, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Fulvia Fringuellotti & Thomas Kroen, 2024. "Payout Restrictions and Bank Risk-Shifting," Staff Reports 1123, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship

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