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Análisis de los cambios en la participación laboral femenina en Chile

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En este trabajo hemos aplicado técnicas de descomposición microeconométricas con el objeto de evaluar los determinantes del notable aumento en la tasa de participación femenina en el período 1990-2003. En particular nos interesa evaluar cuánto del aumento en la tasa de participación femenina puede ser explicado por cambios en la estructura familiar o en el nivel educacional, y cuánto de este cambio es totalmente neutral a estos factores. El aumento en el nivel de escolaridad de la población femenina es, sin dudas, uno de los principales determinantes del aumento en la tasa de participación laboral. En el año 1990 sólo un 4,81% de la población femenina tenía educación superior completa, mientras que en el año 2003 esta cifra aumenta casi 4 veces (16,8%). Asimismo la proporción de mujeres con educación media completa aumenta casi 10 puntos porcentuales desde 1990 al 2003. En 1990 el 39% de las mujeres que tienen uno o más hijos, tienen hijos en edad de sala cuna o preescolar (de 0 a 5 años), pero para el 2003 este número disminuye a casi un 30%. Sorpresivamente estos cambios en la tasa de fertilidad no parecen tener un impacto importante sobre la tasa de participación. Tampoco se encuentra un efecto parámetro, que indique que hubieran cambiado en forma sustancial los patrones de participación (elasticidad) de las mujeres con niños pequeños. La mayor parte del efecto parámetro, se debe a un efecto constante, y este efecto constante es particularmente alto (1.9 puntos porcentuales, 50% del efecto parámetro total) en el período 1996-2003. Esto es, independientemente de las características de las mujeres se produce un aumento generalizado en la participación laboral. Este aumento en el efecto constante puede estar relacionado con un cambio estructural en el tiempo en alguna variable que no está incluida en nuestro conjunto de regresores, como por ejemplo, cambios en las condiciones macroeconómicas, cambios en la legislación laboral, etc. Ciertamente entre el año 1996 y el año 2003 se produce un importante deterioro en el nivel de empleo y aumento en la tasa de cesantía. Y esperaríamos que esto generara, al menos inicialmente, una mayor incorporación de las mujeres (usualmente trabajadores secundarios) al mercado laboral. Qué tan persistente ha sido este efecto en el tiempo sólo podrá evaluarse a través del estudio de bases de datos más recientes (CASEN 2006). Palabras claves: participación laboral femenina, descomposición microeconométrica, probit

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  • Evelyn Benvin & Marcela Perticara, 2007. "Análisis de los cambios en la participación laboral femenina en Chile," ILADES-UAH Working Papers inv180, Universidad Alberto Hurtado/School of Economics and Business.
    • Handle: RePEc:ila:ilades:inv180
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    1. Atal, Juan Pablo & Ñopo, Hugo R. & Winder, Natalia, 2009. "New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 1131, Inter-American Development Bank.
    2. Blanco, Osvaldo & Aguilar, Omar & Ananías, Rubén & Mora, Claudia & Pérez, Pablo, 2016. "The intersection between class and gender and its impact on the quality of employment in Chile," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), December.
    3. Bosch, María José & García, Carlos J. & Manríquez, Marta & Valenzuela, Gabriel, 2018. "Macroeconomía y conciliación familiar: el impacto económico de los jardines infantiles," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(339), pages .543-582, julio-sep.
    4. Dewin Pérez Fuentes & Nallydis Hernandez Miranda & Grace Angulo Pico, 2014. "Participación femenina en el mercado laboral de Cartagena, 2008 - 2013," Revista Economía y Región, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, vol. 8(1), pages 5-29, June.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    participación laboral femenina; descomposición microeconométrica;

    JEL classification:

    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • C25 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities

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