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Valuing corporate liabilities when the default threshold is not an absorbing barrier

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  • Franck Moraux

    (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973, 1974) (hereafter referred to as BSM) introduced the contingent claim approach (CCA) to the valuation of corporate debt and equity. The BSM modeling framework is also named the "structural" approach to risky debt valuation. The CCA considers all stakeholders of the corporation as holding contingent claims on the assets of the corporation. Each claim holder has different priorities, maturities and conditions for payouts. It is based on the principle that all the assets belong to all the liability holders. The BSM modeling framework gives the basic fundamental version of the structural model where default is assumed to occur when the net asset value of the firm at the maturity of the purediscount debt becomes negative, i.e., market value of the assets of the firm falls below the face value of the firm's liabilities. In a regime of limited liability, the shareholders of the firm have the option to default on the firm's debt. Equity can be viewed as a European call option on the firm's assets with a strike price equal to the face value of the firm's debt. Actually, CCA can be used to value all the components of the firm's liabilities, equity, warrants, debt, contingent convertible debt, guarantees, etc. In the four volumes we present the major academic research on CCA in corporate finance starting from 1973, with seminal papers of Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973, 1974). Volume I covers the foundation of CCA and contributions on equity valuation. Volume II focuses on corporate debt valuation and the capital structure of the firm. Volume III presents empirical evidence on the valuation of debt instruments as well as applications of the CCA to various financial arrangements. The papers in Volume IV show how to apply the CCA to analyze sovereign credit risk, contingent convertible bonds (CoCos), deposit insurance and loan guarantees.
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Suggested Citation

  • Franck Moraux, 2002. "Valuing corporate liabilities when the default threshold is not an absorbing barrier," Post-Print halshs-00077168, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00077168
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    Cited by:

    1. Annabi, Amira & Breton, Michèle & François, Pascal, 2012. "Resolution of financial distress under Chapter 11," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 1867-1887.
    2. Antill, Samuel & Grenadier, Steven R., 2019. "Optimal capital structure and bankruptcy choice: Dynamic bargaining versus liquidation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(1), pages 198-224.
    3. Chen, An & Suchanecki, Michael, 2006. "Default Risk, Bankruptcy Procedures and the Market Value of Life Insurance Liabilities," Bonn Econ Discussion Papers 8/2006, University of Bonn, Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE).
    4. Roman N. Makarov, 2016. "Modeling liquidation risk with occupation times," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 3(04), pages 1-11, December.
    5. Galai, Dan & Raviv, Alon & Wiener, Zvi, 2007. "Liquidation triggers and the valuation of equity and debt," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(12), pages 3604-3620, December.
    6. Dionne, Georges & Laajimi, Sadok, 2012. "On the determinants of the implied default barrier," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 19(3), pages 395-408.
    7. Reisz, Alexander S. & Perlich, Claudia, 2007. "A market-based framework for bankruptcy prediction," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 3(2), pages 85-131, July.
    8. Fabian Astic & Agnès Tourin, 2014. "On The Credit Risk Of Secured Loans With Maximum Loan-To-Value Covenants," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 17(08), pages 1-19.
    9. Moraux, Franck & Silaghi, Florina, 2014. "Inside debt renegotiation: Optimal debt reduction, timing, and the number of rounds," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 269-295.
    10. Ephraim Clark & Sélima Baccar, 2009. "Pricing Default Risk With Parisian Options: Empirical Evidence From High Growth Companies," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 5(01), pages 1-18.
    11. Aurélien Alfonsi & Jérôme Lelong, 2012. "A Closed-Form Extension To The Black-Cox Model," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 15(08), pages 1-30.
    12. Makarov, R. & Metzler, A. & Ni, Z., 2015. "Modelling default risk with occupation times," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 13(C), pages 54-65.
    13. Zbigniew Palmowski & Jos'e Luis P'erez & Budhi Arta Surya & Kazutoshi Yamazaki, 2019. "The Leland-Toft optimal capital structure model under Poisson observations," Papers 1904.03356, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2020.
    14. J. H. M. Anderluh, 2008. "Pricing Parisians and barriers by hitting time simulation," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 137-156.
    15. Zbigniew Palmowski & José Luis Pérez & Budhi Arta Surya & Kazutoshi Yamazaki, 2020. "The Leland–Toft optimal capital structure model under Poisson observations," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 1035-1082, October.
    16. Bin Li & Qihe Tang & Lihe Wang & Xiaowen Zhou, 2014. "Liquidation risk in the presence of Chapters 7 and 11 of the US bankruptcy code," Journal of Financial Engineering (JFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(03), pages 1-19.
    17. Maclachlan, Iain C, 2007. "An empirical study of corporate bond pricing with unobserved capital structure dynamics," MPRA Paper 28416, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Le, Nhat-Tan & Dang, Duy-Minh, 2017. "Pricing American-style Parisian down-and-out call options," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 305(C), pages 330-347.

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