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Does CFPB Oversight Crimp Credit?

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Abstract

We study how regulatory oversight by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) affects mortgage credit supply and other aspects of bank behavior. We use a difference-in-differences approach exploiting changes in regulatory intensity and a size cutoff below which banks are exempt from CFPB scrutiny. CFPB oversight leads to a reduction in lending in the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) market, which primarily serves riskier borrowers. However, it is also associated with a lower transition probability from moderate to serious delinquency, suggesting that tighter regulatory oversight may reduce foreclosures. Our results underscore the trade-off between protecting borrowers and maintaining access to credit.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas Fuster & Matthew Plosser & James Vickery, 2020. "Does CFPB Oversight Crimp Credit?," Working Papers 21-08, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedpwp:90049
    DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2021.08
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    2. Sedunov, John, 2020. "Small banks and consumer satisfaction," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    3. Diana Bonfim & Geraldo Cerqueiro & Hans Degryse & Steven Ongena, 2023. "On-Site Inspecting Zombie Lending," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(5), pages 2547-2567, May.
    4. Ivan Lim & Duc Duy Nguyen & Linh Nguyen & John O.S. Wilson, 2025. "Proximity to Bank Headquarters and Branch Efficiency: Evidence from Mortgage Lending," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 57(6), pages 1465-1508, September.
    5. Kim, You Suk & Lee, Donghoon & Scharlemann, Tess & Vickery, James, 2024. "Intermediation frictions in debt relief: Evidence from CARES Act forbearance," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    6. Hans Degryse & Cédric Huylebroek & Bernardus F Nazar Van Doornik, 2025. "The disciplining effect of bank supervision: evidence from SupTech," BIS Working Papers 1256, Bank for International Settlements.
    7. Neil Bhutta & Aurel Hizmo & Daniel R. Ringo, 2022. "How Much Does Racial Bias Affect Mortgage Lending? Evidence from Human and Algorithmic Credit Decisions," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022-067, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    8. Mukharlyamov, Vladimir & Sarin, Natasha, 2025. "Price regulation in two-sided markets: Empirical evidence from debit cards," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    9. Sandler, Ryan, 2023. "Aligning incentives: The effect of mortgage servicing rules on foreclosures and delinquency," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    10. Richard K. Crump & João A. C. Santos, 2018. "Review of New York Fed studies on the effects of post-crisis banking reforms," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue 24-2, pages 71-90.
    11. Kristian S. Blickle & João A. C. Santos, 2022. "Unintended Consequences of "Mandatory" Flood Insurance," Staff Reports 1012, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    12. Bosshardt, Joshua & Kakhbod, Ali & Kermani, Amir, 2025. "Do intermediaries improve GSE lending? Evidence from proprietary GSE data," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    13. Bosshardt, Joshua & Di Maggio, Marco & Kakhbod, Ali & Kermani, Amir, 2024. "The credit supply channel of monetary policy tightening and its distributional impacts," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    14. Neil Bhutta & Aurel Hizmo & Daniel R. Ringo, 2024. "How Much Does Racial Bias Affect Mortgage Lending? Evidence from Human and Algorithmic Credit Decisions," Working Papers 24-09, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

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    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • D18 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Protection

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