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Appraising Home Purchase Appraisals

Author

Listed:
  • Paul S. Calem
  • Jeanna Kenney

  • Lauren Lambie-Hanson
  • Leonard I. Nakamura

Abstract

Home appraisals are produced for millions of residential mortgage transactions each year, but appraised values are rarely below the purchase contract price: Some 30% of appraisals in our sample are exactly at the home price (with less than 10% of them below it). We lay out a basic theoretical framework to explain how appraisers? incentives within the institutional framework that governs mortgage lending lead to information loss in appraisals (that is, appraisals set equal to the contract price). Consistent with the theory, we observe a higher frequency of appraisal equal to contract price and a higher incidence of mortgage default at loan-to-value boundaries (notches) above which mortgage insurance rates increase. Appraisals appear to be less informative for default risk measurement compared with automated valuation models.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul S. Calem & Jeanna Kenney & Lauren Lambie-Hanson & Leonard I. Nakamura, 2018. "Appraising Home Purchase Appraisals," Working Papers 18-28, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedpwp:18-28
    DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2018.28
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    Cited by:

    1. Saiz, Albert & Salazar-Miranda, Arianna, 2023. "Understanding Urban Economies, Land Use, and Social Dynamics in the City: Big Data and Measurement," IZA Discussion Papers 16501, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. Alexander N. Bogin & Jessica Shui, 2018. "Appraisal Accuracy, Automated Valuation Models, And Credit Modeling in Rural Areas," FHFA Staff Working Papers 18-03, Federal Housing Finance Agency.
    3. Mayock, Tom & Tzioumis, Konstantinos, 2021. "New construction and mortgage default," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    4. Reite, Endre J., 2023. "Mortgage lending valuation bias under housing price changes and loan-to-value regulations," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PC).
    5. Chris Cunningham & Kristopher Gerardi & Lily Shen, 2021. "The Double Trigger for Mortgage Default: Evidence from the Fracking Boom," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(6), pages 3943-3964, June.
    6. Conklin, James N. & Frame, W. Scott & Gerardi, Kristopher & Liu, Haoyang, 2022. "Villains or scapegoats? The role of subprime borrowers in driving the U.S. housing boom," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    7. Jiang, Erica Xuewei & Zhang, Anthony Lee, 2025. "Collateral value uncertainty and mortgage credit provision," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    8. Samuel Kruger & Gonzalo Maturana, 2021. "Collateral Misreporting in the Residential Mortgage-Backed Security Market," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(5), pages 2729-2750, May.
    9. Alexander N. Bogin & Jessica Shui, 2020. "Correction to: Appraisal Accuracy and Automated Valuation Models in Rural Areas," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 61(4), pages 730-731, November.

    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • D81 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • L85 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Real Estate Services

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