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Using Supervised Learning to Select Audit Targets in Performance-Based Financing in Health: An Example from Zambia

Author

Listed:
  • Dhruv Grover

    (University of California, San Diego)

  • Sebastian Bauhoff

    (Center for Global Development)

  • Jed Friedman

    (World Bank)

Abstract

Independent verification is a critical component of performance-based financing (PBF) in health care, in which facilities are offered incentives to increase the volume of specific services but the same incentives may lead them to over-report. We examine alternative strategies for targeted sampling of health clinics for independent verification. Specifically, we empirically compare several methods of random sampling and predictive modeling on data from a Zambian PBF pilot that contains reported and verified performance for quantity indicators of 140 clinics. Our results indicate that machine learning methods, particularly Random Forest, outperform other approaches and can increase the cost-effectiveness of verification activities.

Suggested Citation

  • Dhruv Grover & Sebastian Bauhoff & Jed Friedman, 2018. "Using Supervised Learning to Select Audit Targets in Performance-Based Financing in Health: An Example from Zambia," Working Papers 481, Center for Global Development.
    • Handle: RePEc:cgd:wpaper:481
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gerard La Forgia & Somil Nagpal, 2012. "Government-Sponsored Health Insurance in India : Are You Covered?," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11957, April.
    2. Petra Vergeer & Anna Heard & Erik Josephson & Lisa Fleisher, 2016. "Verification in results-based financing for health," Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper Series 112342, The World Bank.
    3. György Bèla Fritsche & Robert Soeters & Bruno Meessen, 2014. "Performance-Based Financing Toolkit [Boîte à outils : Financement basé sur la performance]," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 17194, April.
    4. Adrien Renaud, 2013. "Verification of Performance in Result-Based Financing (RBF): The Case of Burundi," Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper Series 86190, The World Bank.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    performance-based financing; performance verification; audits; machine learning; health care finance; health care providers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C20 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - General
    • C52 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
    • C55 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
    • I15 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Economic Development
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

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