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International footprint of global firms: residence and nationality perspectives on maritime shipments

Author

Listed:
  • Han Qiu
  • Hyun Song Shin
  • Leanne Si Ying Zhang

Abstract

Nationality-based measurement that consolidates firms according to the nationality of the ultimate parent firm provides new insights on questions of ownership and control that underpin the operation of global value chains. Nationality-based shipment data highlight significant "within-nationality" shipments, especially between entities of the same parent group, revealing a strikingly different picture of global shipments compared with conventional residence-based measures.Foreign subsidiaries operate under two distinct shipment models: the "outpost" model which relies on upstream counterparties from the parent region, common among Asian firms, and the "going-global" model characterised by globally distributed trading partners, prevalent among North American firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Han Qiu & Hyun Song Shin & Leanne Si Ying Zhang, 2025. "International footprint of global firms: residence and nationality perspectives on maritime shipments," BIS Bulletins 118, Bank for International Settlements.
    • Handle: RePEc:bis:bisblt:118
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stefan Avdjiev & Mary Everett & Philip R Lane & Hyun Song Shin, 2018. "Tracking the international footprints of global firms," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
    2. Bryan Hardy & Patrick McGuire & Goetz von Peter, 2024. "International finance through the lens of BIS statistics: bank exposures and country risk," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, September.
    3. Bryan Hardy & Patrick McGuire & Goetz von Peter, 2024. "International finance through the lens of BIS statistics: the geography of banks' operations," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, December.
    4. Se-Jik Kim & Hyun Song Shin, 2012. "Sustaining Production Chains through Financial Linkages," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(3), pages 402-406, May.
    5. Patrick McGuire & Goetz von Peter & Sonya Zhu, 2024. "International finance through the lens of BIS statistics: the global reach of currencies," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, June.
    6. Patrick McGuire & Goetz Peter & Sonya Zhu, 2025. "International Finance Through the Lens of BIS Statistics: Residence vs Nationality," Springer Books, in: Ursula Schipper & Robert Kirchner & Jens Walter (ed.), Measuring International Economics, pages 189-206, Springer.
    7. Bruno Tissot, 2016. "Globalisation and financial stability risks: is the residency-based approach of the national accounts old-fashioned?," BIS Working Papers 587, Bank for International Settlements.
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