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Money Talks: AI Agents for Cash Management in Payment Systems

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  • Iñaki Aldasoro
  • Ajit Desai

Abstract

Using prompt-based experiments with ChatGPT’s reasoning model, we evaluate whether a generative artificial intelligence (AI) agent can perform high-level intraday liquidity management in a wholesale payment system. We simulate payment scenarios with liquidity shocks and competing priorities to test the agent’s ability to maintain precautionary liquidity buffers, dynamically prioritize payments under tight constraints, and optimize the trade-off between settlement speed and liquidity usage. Our results show that even without domain-specific training, the AI agent closely replicates key prudential cash-management practices, issuing calibrated recommendations that preserve liquidity while minimizing delays. These findings suggest that routine cash-management tasks could be automated using general-purpose large language models, potentially reducing operational costs and improving intraday liquidity efficiency. We conclude with a discussion of the regulatory and policy safeguards that central banks and supervisors may need to consider in an era of AI-driven payment operations.

Suggested Citation

  • Iñaki Aldasoro & Ajit Desai, 2025. "Money Talks: AI Agents for Cash Management in Payment Systems," Staff Working Papers 25-35, Bank of Canada.
    • Handle: RePEc:bca:bocawp:25-35
    DOI: 10.34989/swp-2025-35
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Galbiati, Marco & Soramäki, Kimmo, 2011. "An agent-based model of payment systems," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 859-875, June.
    2. Francisco Rivadeneyra & Nellie Zhang, 2022. "Payment Coordination and Liquidity Efficiency in the New Canadian Wholesale Payments System," Discussion Papers 2022-3, Bank of Canada.
    3. Ajit Desai & Zhentong Lu & Hiru Rodrigo & Jacob Sharples & Phoebe Tian & Nellie Zhang, 2023. "From LVTS to Lynx: Quantitative Assessment of Payment System Transition," Staff Working Papers 23-24, Bank of Canada.
    4. John J. Horton, 2023. "Large Language Models as Simulated Economic Agents: What Can We Learn from Homo Silicus?," NBER Working Papers 31122, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Bech, Morten L. & Garratt, Rod, 2003. "The intraday liquidity management game," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 109(2), pages 198-219, April.
    6. Anton Korinek, 2025. "AI Agents for Economic Research," NBER Working Papers 34202, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Anton Korinek, 2023. "Generative AI for Economic Research: Use Cases and Implications for Economists," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 61(4), pages 1281-1317, December.
    8. John J. Horton, 2023. "Large Language Models as Simulated Economic Agents: What Can We Learn from Homo Silicus?," Papers 2301.07543, arXiv.org.
    9. Desai, Ajit & Lu, Zhentong & Rodrigo, Hiru & Sharples, Jacob & Tian, Phoebe & Zhang, Nellie, 2023. "From LVTS to Lynx: Quantitative assessment of payment system transition in Canada," Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, Henry Stewart Publications, vol. 17(3), pages 291-314, September.
    10. Pascal Bornet & Jochen Wirtz, 2025. "Agentic Artificial Intelligence:Harnessing AI Agents to Reinvent Business, Work, and Life," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 14380, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • A12 - General Economics and Teaching - - General Economics - - - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
    • C7 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
    • D83 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Sytsems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies

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