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Learned Monotone Recurrent Features in Governed Credit Scoring: The Price of the Frame and the Necessity of Macro Conditioning

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  • Yew Lee Tan

Abstract

Regulated credit scoring requires scores monotone non-decreasing in every exposure input. Deployed pipelines -- hand-crafted monotone aggregates feeding sign-constrained gradient boosting -- already meet this by composition; the open question is what learned temporal aggregation is worth inside one. We answer on five production-scale credit datasets at matched admissibility (one priced baseline convention excepted), with a monotone recurrent architecture whose per-input guarantee we extend, with proofs, to vector-valued inputs and to exogenously macro-conditioned decay gates, severities, thresholds, and peak memory. Two findings result. First, a strictness ladder: the value of learned monotone features rises with governance-frame strictness -- zero on unconstrained engineered panels, maximal in summaries-only frames -- replicated across two datasets and an official temporal-stability metric, though unconditioned features degrade on externally adjudicated later weeks. Second, a conditioning-delivery asymmetry under regime shift. On a train-on-boom, test-on-crisis mortgage design, two public macroeconomic series hurt as input columns, yet conditioning the recurrence on them delivers the paper's only learned-block crisis-cohort uplifts. The confirmed effect: +0.006 to +0.013 AUC on an internally pre-registered Freddie Mac replication, at all five held-out seeds. The discovery estimate: +0.015 to +0.021 on Fannie Mae (three of five seeds post hoc), worth 10-27 basis points of defaulted balance at an 80% approval cutoff, and grows with early-prepaid loans excluded. A state-level test identifies the mechanism: between-cohort calibration transfer. A pandemic-band episode bounds scope: under forbearance-distorted labels the gain generalizes at a quarter to a third of crisis size on Fannie Mae, on Freddie Mac only against the capacity control.

Suggested Citation

  • Yew Lee Tan, 2026. "Learned Monotone Recurrent Features in Governed Credit Scoring: The Price of the Frame and the Necessity of Macro Conditioning," Papers 2610.08869, arXiv.org.
  • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2610.08869
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yew Lee Tan, 2026. "Measuring Learned Monotone Temporal Aggregation at Matched Admissibility," Papers 2610.05196, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2026.
    2. Gunnarsson, Björn Rafn & vanden Broucke, Seppe & Baesens, Bart & Óskarsdóttir, María & Lemahieu, Wilfried, 2021. "Deep learning for credit scoring: Do or don’t?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 295(1), pages 292-305.
    3. Crook, Jonathan N. & Edelman, David B. & Thomas, Lyn C., 2007. "Recent developments in consumer credit risk assessment," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 183(3), pages 1447-1465, December.
    4. Hyndman, Rob J. & Koehler, Anne B. & Snyder, Ralph D. & Grose, Simone, 2002. "A state space framework for automatic forecasting using exponential smoothing methods," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 439-454.
    5. T Bellotti & J Crook, 2009. "Credit scoring with macroeconomic variables using survival analysis," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 60(12), pages 1699-1707, December.
    6. William N. Goetzmann & Jonathan E. Ingersoll & Stephen A. Ross, 2003. "High‐Water Marks and Hedge Fund Management Contracts," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(4), pages 1685-1718, August.
    7. Krüger, Steffen & Rösch, Daniel & Scheule, Harald, 2018. "The impact of loan loss provisioning on bank capital requirements," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 114-129.
    8. Bellotti, Tony & Crook, Jonathan, 2013. "Forecasting and stress testing credit card default using dynamic models," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 563-574.
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    1. Yew Lee Tan, 2026. "Measuring Learned Monotone Temporal Aggregation at Matched Admissibility," Papers 2610.05196, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2026.

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