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A Survey of Financial AI: Architectures, Advances and Open Challenges

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  • Junhua Liu

Abstract

Financial AI empowers sophisticated approaches to financial market forecasting, portfolio optimization, and automated trading. This survey provides a systematic analysis of these developments across three primary dimensions: predictive models that capture complex market dynamics, decision-making frameworks that optimize trading and investment strategies, and knowledge augmentation systems that leverage unstructured financial information. We examine significant innovations including foundation models for financial time series, graph-based architectures for market relationship modeling, and hierarchical frameworks for portfolio optimization. Analysis reveals crucial trade-offs between model sophistication and practical constraints, particularly in high-frequency trading applications. We identify critical gaps and open challenges between theoretical advances and industrial implementation, outlining open challenges and opportunities for improving both model performance and practical applicability.

Suggested Citation

  • Junhua Liu, 2024. "A Survey of Financial AI: Architectures, Advances and Open Challenges," Papers 2411.12747, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2411.12747
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Liyuan Chen & Shuoling Liu & Jiangpeng Yan & Xiaoyu Wang & Henglin Liu & Chuang Li & Kecheng Jiao & Jixuan Ying & Yang Veronica Liu & Qiang Yang & Xiu Li, 2025. "Advancing Financial Engineering with Foundation Models: Progress, Applications, and Challenges," Papers 2507.18577, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2025.

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