Author
Listed:
- Alonso Alfaro-Ureña
(Economic Division, Central Bank of Costa Rica)
- Isabela Manelici
(London School of Economics)
- José Pablo Vásquez-Carvajal
(London School of Economics)
Abstract
This paper estimates the effects of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) on workers. To that end, we combine microdata on all worker-firm and firm-firm relationships in Costa Rica with an instrumental variable strategy that exploits shocks to the size of MNCs in the country. First, using a within-worker event-study design, we find a direct MNC wage premium of nine percent. This premium reflects above market wages rather than compensation for disamenities. Next, we study the indirect effects of MNCs on workers in domestic firms. As MNCs bring jobs that pay a premium, they can improve the outside options of workers by altering both the level and composition of labor demand. MNCs can also enhance the performance of domestic employers through firm-level input-output linkages. Shocks to firm performance may then pass through to wages. We show that the growth rate of annual earnings of a worker experiencing a one standard deviation increase in either her labor market or firm-level exposure to MNCs is one percentage point higher than that of an identical worker with no change in either MNC exposure. Finally, we develop a model to rationalize the reduced-form evidence and estimate structural parameters that govern wage setting in domestic firms. We model MNCs as paying a wage premium and buying inputs from domestic firms. To hire new workers, domestic firms need to incur recruitment and training costs. Model-based estimates reveal that workers in domestic firms are sensitive to improvements in outside options. Moreover, the marginal recruitment and training cost of the average domestic firm is estimated at 90% of the annual earnings of a worker earning the competitive market wage. This high cost allows incumbent workers to extract part of the increase in firm rents coming from intensified linkages with MNCs. ***Resumen: Esta investigación estima los efectos de corporaciones extranjeras multinacionales sobre los trabajadores. Con este fin, se utilizan las bases de microdatos disponibles sobre las relaciones entre empresas, y entre trabajadores y empresas en Costa Rica, y se emplea una estrategia de variable instrumental para aprovechar la expansión de empresas multinacionales al país. En primera instancia, se encuentra una prima salarial directa de 9% al trasladarse a una multinacional. Esta prima se desprende del ofrecimiento de salarios por encima del mercado en lugar de ser una compensación por condiciones laborales indeseables. Luego, se estudia el efecto de multinacionales sobre los empleados de empresas nacionales. Las multinacionales mejoran las alternativas externas de los trabajadores debido a que alteran el nivel y composición de la demanda laboral al ofrecer empleos con prima salarial. Además, el desempeño de los trabajadores en empresas locales también incrementa debido a los encadenamientos productivos con multinacionales; posteriormente, estos shocks en desempeño se reflejan en el nivel de salario. Se muestra que la tasa de crecimiento del ingreso anual de un empleado que experimenta un aumento de una desviación estándar en la exposición a multinacionales en su mercado laboral o en firma es un punto porcentual más alta que la de un empleado idéntico sin cambios en exposición. Por último, se construye un modelo con el objetivo de racionalizar la evidencia y estimar los parámetros estructurales que explican la fijación de salarios en empresas nacionales. Las multinacionales se modelan como firmas que ofrecen prima salarial y que adquieren insumos de firmas nacionales. Los trabajadores de empresas nacionales son sensibles a las opciones laborales externas, según las estimaciones del modelo. Las empresas nacionales deben incurrir en costos de reclutamiento y capacitación para contratar nuevos empleados. El costo marginal de contratación para la empresa promedio se estima en 90% del ingreso anual de un trabajador con salario de mercado. Por este alto costo, los empleados pueden extraer una porción del incremento en la renta que proviene de encadenamientos más intensivos con multinacionales.
Suggested Citation
Alonso Alfaro-Ureña & Isabela Manelici & José Pablo Vásquez-Carvajal, 2020.
"The Effects of Multinationals on Workers: Evidence from Costa Rica,"
Documentos de Trabajo
2003, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
Handle:
RePEc:apk:doctra:2003
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Keywords
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JEL classification:
- F16 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
- F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
- J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
- J23 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Demand
- J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
- J63 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
- M55 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Personnel Economics - - - Labor Contracting Devices
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